Municipal Solid Waste Management in Urban Centers

Dr. Sanjeev Agrawal

Central Pollution Control Board,Delhi

What is Solid Waste

In a nutshell Solid waste can be regarded as refuse or waste from any kind of source. But any refuse or waste can be economic resource to others.

BMW HW Mining Fly Ash Agriculture: o Dairy o Agriculture residues And Municipal Solid Waste-State of concern

Present Status of Management

Estimated waste generation is 1,00,000 MT/day Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.20 to 0.60 kg. Waste collection efficiency in bigger sized cities ranges from 70 to 90% and in small sized towns it is up to 50-60%. Local authorities spend less 5% of their budget on waste disposal and maximum cost is incurred on street sweeping and collection and transportation of waste.

MSW GENERATION - NATIONAL SCENARIO

MAJOR DEFICIENCIES Littering of garbage due to unorganized primary collection Provision and operation of interim storage facilities unsatisfactory Irregular garbage lifting Transportation system not synchronize with storage facilities Processing/ treatment of MSW not practiced Final disposal through dumping and not SLF

Status of Solid Waste Management in Class I Cities

and Class II Towns

CITIES / TOWNS No. of Cities

CLASS I 299

CLASS II 345

Total Population Waste Generation (MT/d) Mode of collection Manually Trucks Others Disposal Dumping Composting Others

1281138655 48134

22375588 1454

50% 49 % 1% 94 % 5%

78 % 21 % 1% 93 % 6%

1%

1%

Composition of Municipal Solid Waste Description Percent by weight 40.15 3.80 0.81 0.62 0.44 0.64 41.81 11.73

Vegetable, leaves Grass Paper Plastic Glass/ceramics Metal Stones/ashes Miscellaneous

Quantity of Municipal Solid Wastes Generation in Metro Cities

S.No 1. City Ahmadabad Municipal solid Waste (TPD) 1,683 Per capita waste (Kg/day) 0.585

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Bangalore
Bhopal Bombay Calcutta Coimbatore Delhi

2,000
546 5,355 3,692 350 4,000

0.484
0.514 0.436 0.383 0.429 0.475

8.
9. 10 11 12 13

Hyderabad
Indore Jaipur Kanpur Kochi Lucknow

1,566
350 580 1,200 347 1,010

0.382
0.321 0.398 0.640 0.518 0.623

14
15 16 17 18 19

Ludhiana
Madras Madurai Nagpur Patna Pune

400
3,124 370 443 330 700

0.384
0.657 0.392 0.273 0.360 0.312

20
21 22 23

Surat
Vadodara Varanasi Visakhapatnam

900
400 412 300

0.600
0.389 0.400 0.400

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES, 2000

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
RESPONSIBILITIES

Enforcement

Implementation and development of infrastructure Grant of Authorization for waste processing/ disposal facilities

Monitoring compliance of prescribed standards

Submission of Annual Reports

Municipal Authorities

State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control Committees

Dept. of Urban Development

District Magistrate Annual Reports on status of implementation Other cities and towns Central Pollution Control Board

Metrocities

Regulatory frame work

Enacted Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 Rules lay emphasis on seeking participation of citizens in waste segregation, prohibiting littering of garbage, proper storage of waste and efficient transportation of waste for its processing and final disposal. Specifications to be followed for land filling to protect environmental pollution and adoption of appropriate waste processing technologies has been emphasized. The Rules are applicable to each town irrespective of its population.

Management of Solid Waste

Schedule I- Time Target Schedule II- Procedures for collections,
segregation, storage, transport processing & disposal of SW

Schedule III- specifications for land fill sites.

Schedule IV- Standards for composting, Leachates &
incineration

The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000

Applicable Obtain

to all Municipal Authorities

authorization- through Form-I from SPCB the provisions as per schedule I

Comply Annual

Report in Form-II to: - Secretary State Deptt. of Urban Development and DM with a copy to SPCB

SCHEDULE - I
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE No.
1.

Compliance Criteria
Setting up of waste processing/ disposal facilities Monitoring performance of above facilities Improvement of existing landfill sites as per the Rules Identification of landfill sites for future use and developing the sites for operation

Schedule
By 31.12.2003

2.

Once in 6 months

3.

By 31.12.2001

4.

By 31.12.2002

Violation of the provisions

Improvement in landfill site as per Rules (Schedule I) is not being done Identification of new site as required under Schedule I Submission of annual report as required under Section 4a

RESPONSIBILTIES OF MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES

Implementation of Schedule I and other provisions of the Rules Infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation and disposal of MSW as per Schedule II Obtaining authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facilities from SPCBs/ PCCs Furnishing annual report and accident reporting to Secretary (UD)/ District Magistrate

RESPONSIBILITIES OF SPCBs/ PCCs

Monitoring compliance of standards regarding groundwater, ambient air, incineration, leachate and compost quality (Schedule II, III and IV)

Grant of authorization to municipal authorities for setting up waste processing/ disposal facilities (within 45 days of application)
Furnishing annual report on status of implementation to CPCB

Responsibility: - Secretary,State Urban Deptt. and DM are responsible for implementation - SPCB - Monitor the compliance w.r.t. -Groundwater quality

- Leachate
-Ambient Air - Compost - Incinerator - issue authorization -CPCB coordinate & review the standards

RESPONSIBILITIES OF STATE/ UT GOVERNMENTS

Overall enforcement in metro-cities in the State/ UT Secretary-in-charge, Dept. of Urban Development

Overall enforcement in other large cities and towns District Magistrate/ Deputy Commissioner of the concerned districts

Gaps and Constraints in Implementation

Lack of adequate financial resources to implement specified provisions of the rule. Slow progress in ensuring segregation of waste. In adequate infrastructure to meet the requirements for collection, storage and transportation of waste. Local bodies not conversant and exposed with intricacies of application of appropriate waste processing technologies. Comprehensive specification on landfills are difficult to meet due to high cost of construction and operation including non-existence of adequate number of indigenous firms to undertake the jobs.

CONSTRAINTS IN IMPLEMENTATION
Overburden on local authorities due to uncontrolled urbanization that strains the system

Fragmented management approach where more than one department is involved and lack of interdepartmental coordination Inadequate financial resources of municipal authorities to undertake improvement programs as required under Schedule II, III and IV Lack of trained manpower at all levels
Lack of technical assistance for selection of appropriate technologies

STATUS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI

COLLECTION AND STORAGE

Status of maintenance of waste receptacles in MCD Inspection Nos. Nos. properly Percentage round inspected maintained

14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st

639 736 761 813 855 828 807 826

141 183 199 260 334 269 186 273

22 25 26 32 39 33 23 33

COLLECTION AND STORAGE (contd)

MAIN OBSERVATIONS :
More than 40% of the receptacles in poor physical conditions (broken walls, roofs, doors) 20 - 25% of the receptacles are hotspots

Substantial no. of dhalaos in good physical conditions converted and used as office space
Low garbage lifting frequency Dhalao design and the machinery used for lifting garbage not matching. In most cases, the machinery responsible for damaged dhalaos

COLLECTION AND STORAGE (contd)

MAIN OBSERVATIONS:
Dumping of biomedical wastes in dhalaos near hospitals (LNJP, GB Pant)
Lot of open garbage collection sites Zones with major problems are: - Shahdara (North) - Sadar-Paharganj

- Karolbagh
- West and Najafgarh - Shahdara (South)

TRANSPORTATION
One-third of the collection trucks observed on road do not cover garbage during transport The cover (jute or plastic) used in most of the vehicles is often in bad shape At any given time, a high 30% of collection vehicles are not in working conditions, depleting the already lean fleet Vehicles are too high for manual lifting and filling of garbage from dhalaos

WASTE PROCESSING (COMPOSTING)

BHALSWA PLANT:
Started operating from late 1999; Now, almost defunct

Processing less than 20 MT/day against 500 MT/day

Composition of waste received main problem Irregular power and water supply Good compost quality

WASTE PROCESSING (COMPOSTING)

(Contd..)

OKHLA PLANT: Installed in 1981; plant in poor physical condition; outdated technology Processing less than 30 MT/day against capacity of 250 MT/day Only 5-7% of garbage received is converted into compost Poor quality of compost; no market demand Needs complete renovation or replacement

DISPOSAL
Quantity dumped during the last 12 months: Ghazipur - 6,21,695 MT Bhalswa Okhla - 6,03,376 MT - 3,41,184 MT

Weighing platforms installed in all the 3 landfill sites Only at the Okhla site, garbage is covered with soil All the sites exhausted their capacity/life span Urgent need to develop and operate new landfill sites

Observation on MSW Management Case of MSW in Delhi

Deterioration trend was observed; No. of hot spots increasing; Increase in physically broken receptacles; Problem of stray animals and rag pickers; Dustbins and door-to-door collection is not effectively used; Dhalaos are used as office; Shortage of loaders and trucks, old vehicle, covering during transport; Receptacles are over-flowing, and promoting vectors, flies, rodents, pathogens, odour etc. All the three compost plant operating under capacity.

Status of Waste Receptacles in Delhi

Zone/Area No. of receptacles inspected Condition of waste receptacles Unsanitary condition Physically dilapidated condition Stray animals seen Rag pickers seen Properly Maintained MCD Zone

Central Zone City Zone Civil Lines Karolbagh Najafgarh Narela Rohini

61 42 61 47 98 29 68

41 12 13 17 46 15 20

33 12 44 10 27 05 24

17 10 45 12 29 25 17

16 96 11 10 13 03 13

18 23 07 09 38 01 38

Sadar-Paharganj
Shahdara (North) Shahdara (South) South Zone West Zone MCD subtotal NDMC North Circle South Circle Subtotal NDMC Delhi Canntt. Grand Total

48
93 94 151 85 877

17
51 57 37 38 364

25
51 56 61 54 402

19
38 61 48 42 363

05
22 42 38 29 208

16
62 132 67 382

91 59 150 64 1091

14 09 23 11 398

09 17 26 07 435

04 15 19 13 395

04 05 09 07 224

53 02 55 37 474

Hotspots identified in MCD areas

Sl. No . Zone Current (24rd ) Round of Inspection No. of No. of Hot Waste Spots Receptacle 61 8 42 57 34 52 51 76 39 63 63 139 67 744 7 10 11 4 4 72 14 21 9 46 17 223 23nd t Round of Inspection Percentage of Hot Spots

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Central City Civil Lines Karol Bagh Nazafgarh Narela Rohini Sadar-Paharganj Shahdara (N) Shahdara (S) South West Zone Total

No. of Waste Receptacle 60

34 79 40 60 30 98 40 63 73 108 70 755

No. of Hot Spots

35 06 17 03 04 10 28 11 19 41 24 06 204

Current 24th Round 13

17 18 32 8 8 95 36 33 14 33 25 30 %

23rd Round
58 18 22 08 07 33 20 28 30 56 22 09 27 %

STATUS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NEW DELHI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

COLLECTION AND STORAGE

Status of maintenance of waste receptacles by NDMC

Nos. Percent properly properly Inspectio Nos. n round inspected maintained maintained 14th 87 71 82 15th 93 77 83 16th 111 79 71 17th 117 63 54 18th 174 153 88 19th 142 129 91 20th 153 128 84 21st 185 145 78

COLLECTION AND STORAGE (contd)

MAIN OBSERVATIONS :
About 15% of the receptacles in poor physical conditions (broken walls, roofs, doors) Horticultural wastes collection and lifting needs improvement Garbage stations in general, are working satisfactorily; however, segregated wastes observed to be mixed again at the time of collection in these stations Rag pickers up lifting project in association with NGO a positive step worth emulation

TRANSPORTATION
Most of the trucks used for transport of garbage is fitted with permanent covers Garbage lifting crew provided with brooms and lime powder to sweep and disinfect in and around the dustbin after lifting - a practice worth emulation

WASTE PROCESSING (COMPOSTING)

Estimated generation of wastes: 300 MT/day Okhla compost plant started operation in 1985; poor physical condition; obsolete technology Applied for authorization from DPCC

Processing less than 70 MT/day against 200 MT/day

Only around 10% of wastes converted into compost Good quality compost and regular sale of product

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS
Adopt of professional approach for MSW management

Prepare of MSW Management Master Plan

Identify measurable indicators for self monitoring implementation of the Plan Set short, medium and long-term waste reduction targets and programs to implement Renovate compost plant for full-conversion of garbage generated area into compost

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS (Contd)

For interim improvements, survey and inventory physical conditions of waste receptacles and prepare a time-bound improvement plan
Match the design of waste receptacles and the machinery used for garbage lifting

Avoid/ban use of open-sites for waste storage

Keep the doors of waste receptacles closed, when not in use Apply for authorization from SPCBs for

PUBLIC INTEREST LITEGATIONS Ms. Almitra H. Patel, Vs Union of India

Gujarat Epidemics in Surat due to MSW

Dr. B.L. Wadhera Vs Union of India

Problem of MSW in Delhi

Shri. M. C. Mehta Vs Union of India

Taj Trapezium / Taj Corridor, Agra

Orders of Honble Supreme court of India

Directed CPCB to regularly monitor the management of Solid Waste - 01.03.1996 CPCB filed 11 reports to the Apex Court of India Directed CPCB to file reports to Honble High Court of Delhi 23.01.1998 CPCB filed 24 reports till date

Recommendations by Apex Court

The recommendations made by the Indian Supreme Court Committee on Solid Waste Management for improvement of the situation in India is as Follows :

All Food and biodegradable waste should be composted; recyclable waste should be past on to the recycling industry; and only rejects should be land filled in a scientific manner; Decentralized composting with public and NGOs/CBOs participation should be encouraged wherever possible;
Caution against using unproven technologies should be observed. Local Bodies are advised not to adopt expensive technologies of Power generation, fuel pelletization, incineration etc. until they are proven sound under Indian conditions.

Partnership Model of Community Based Solid Waste Management

DONOR
NGO/Public sector provides technical support and facilitation for community based SWM and composting
NGO / Public Sector

Providing Fund
MoEF
Coordinating the programme

Communities
Communities participate in Door-toDoor waste collection programme and contribute towards its Cost. Also produce Compost and sell to private Sector

MC & PWD

Providing land and other logistics

NGO Ensures the quality of compost

Fertilizer Companies

PUBLIC

PRIVATE

COMMUNITY

What should be the role of an NGOs

The

following roles are suggested: Public awareness; Model Preparation/Experimental/ Research; Bridging between Govt. & Society, organizing residence as pressure groups; Acting as a buffer zone between the community and the municipal authorities.

What should be done by NGOs

The following suggestions are offered in the hope that
some of them may be of some benefit: Do keep away from political activity; Do consider carefully what can be done with available resources; Do try to evolve a system of self help rather than depending on the municipal corporation; Do aim at cooperation rather than confrontation with the municipalities; Do keep in contact with other NGOs in the area to avoid to duplication of work; Do encourage the target groups to focus more on their duties and less on their eights; Dont arouse too many expectations otherwise failure to fulfill them all may lead to withdrawal are disappointment.

Future course of action

Cities having population > 1 million targeted for ensuring compliance with the rules. Set up reasonable number of demonstration facilities with Government financial support for the benefit of other local bodies. Re-set the simplified specifications on land filling particularly for smaller local bodies with due regard to prevention of pollution Creating awareness on adoption of appropriate technologies for waste processing considering quality and composition of waste. Encourage private entrepreneurship in setting up of waste processing and disposal facilities.

Involvement of NGOs and Public Sector in managing MSW

NGOs can play an important role in segregation of waste, its collection and handling over to local authorities.They can also help in bringing up the awareness and consciousness for good sanitation. Through such programmes, NGOs and Public sector can help in: Creating mass awareness, ensuring public participation in segregation of recyclable material and storage of waste at source; Ensuring public participation in community based primary collection system; Organizing rag-pickers for collection of recyclable materials at the community level; Providing health education to the rag-pickers and suggesting tools for safety; Providing employment through organizing door to door collection of waste; and Encouraging minimization of waste through in house backyard composting, Vermiculture and biogas generation etc.

Key issues in managing Municipal Solid Waste

Phenomenal growth in urban population is creating solid waste disposal problems; Alternative service delivery is required? Community based initiatives; What is needed to nurture community based initiatives; The need for research; Is service delivery by NGOs/Public sector/CBOsAll good? Need for Networking; Innovations: e.g.Preventing spillage of garbage, Vermiculture, drain cleaning street sweeping etc.

Thank you