Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Occupational Hygiene Association of Ontario Spring Symposium By: Jamie Prince B.Sc, OHST, ROHT General Motors of Canada Limited
OUTLINE
What Can Be Measured Sampling Strategies Types of Sampling Equipment Examples of Real Time Monitors Advantages/Disadvantages of Real Time
Air Monitoring Real Time Air Monitoring Examples Conclusions
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL STATES
solids: dust, fibres, fume, smoke liquids: mist, aerosols gases: vapours
remember: gas
solid
liquid
7 TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS
Dusts- airborne solid particles ranging in size from
0.1 to 25 microns. Particles 5 microns and larger dont usually remain airborne to present an inhalation hazard.
containing materials, its made up of carbon or soot particles. Can vary in size.
7 TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS
Aerosols- liquid droplets or solid particles, fine
enough to remain dispersed in air for a prolonged period. atmosphere.
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL STATES
size: respirable (less than 10 m)
fibres (length & diameter) chemical charge (CrIII or CrVI) solubility (Ni) crystal structure (silica, talc) fibrous or non-fibrous polar/non polar
MIXTURES
decomposition products (smoke, etc.)
often have thousands of components
MIXTURES
Measuring each of the thousands of constituents in
decomposition products would be a chemists nightmare almost all of the constituents will be well below individual TWAEVs even summing the TWAEVs seldom exceeds summed TWAEV criteria Combinations: Vapour condensing on particles vapour absorbed by liquid aerosols liquid evaporating from aerosol/particulate
Proactive Sampling
Engineering Control Verification
ALTERNATIVES TO SAMPLING
Eliminate the source
Add engineering controls Use odour and irritation thresholds
Computer modelling
EXPOSURE CONTINUUM
source > path > exposure > uptake > target Try to move as far to the left of the continuum as possible (prevention!) Source: substitution, enclosure Path: ventilation evaluation, work practices Exposure: IH measurements Uptake: symptoms, blood/urine samples Target: clinical tests, diagnosis
weather (season, temp, humidity, wind) doors & windows, cross drafts shift, production schedules, rates ventilation in other areas of plant housekeeping, traffic, activity levels individual work practices, man cooling fans
SAMPLING CONDITIONS
make sure important variables are
addressed in strategy keep records of conditions during sampling start & finish times production levels ventilation (doors, windows, local & general) workers opinion if sampling period is
representative of better than average, normal, worse than normal conditions
Particulates
Total particulates/aerosols (data-logging): DataRam, Dust Trak Fibers: FAM (Fibrous Aerosol Monitor) asbestos FID and PID (data-logging) for organic compounds Inorganic gases and vapours, CO, CO2, mercury, H2S Paper Tape for isocyanates Lead Niton X-ray fluorescence Indoor Air Quality multi-function monitors
Gases/Vapours
HOW MANY?
How Many Samples Do You Need To Take? Compliance sampling needs a large number of representative samples over a long period of time use traditional sampling methods Worst case sampling may require only a few samples over a short period direct reading or real time may be required Type of hazard may determine how many and for how long peak exposures, length of peaks, short term acute hazards, does it come and go
HOW LONG?
Lowest detectable quantity Dont overload sample media Short sample period for acute hazards Chronic hazard may need full shift Peaks need data-logging, real time direct
reading or short term sequential samples IDLH for confined space needs immediate answer Leak detection needs direct reading
hygienist and employees, ease of mind Employee trust, can see exposure on meter Ability to determine time vs concentration with data-logging instruments Ability to determine STEL and Ceiling Values Quick determination of how changes to process or engineering controls affect employee exposures More efficient use of hygienists time
1- 35-40 ppm peaks TWA 100 ppm 2--50-60 ppm peaks TWA 100 ppm 3--35-40 ppm peaks TWA 100 ppm 4--20-30 ppm peaks TWA 100 ppm 5---85-100 ppm peaks TWA 400 ppm
FLAT TOP CO
INSTRUMENT- DRAEGER CO DATALOGGER CO buildup suspected for new driving and parking procedures on flat top conveyor
CO levels data-logged in various areas ventilation on and off CO levels data-logged while different procedures were used for idling cars while parked
CO to hazardous levels in one area. Immediate ventilation system changes reduced maximum CO levels to non hazardous levels
10
ppm CO
10 :3 0 10 :3 4 10 :3 8 10 :4 2 10 :4 6 10 :5 0 10 :5 4 10 :5 8 11 :0 2 11 :0 6 11 :1 0 11 :1 4 11 :1 8 11 :2 2 11 :2 6 11 :3 0 11 :3 4 11 :3 8 11 :4 2 11 :4 6 11 :5 0 11 :5 4 11 :5 8 12 :0 2 12 :0 6 12 :1 0 12 :1 4 12 :1 8 12 :2 2 12 :2 6 12 :3 0
Area sample between north and centre lines, south of Col. A1 126 Area sample between centre and south lines north of Col. A 126 Area sample between north and centre lines south od Col. A1 128 Area sample between centre and south lines north of Col. A 128
Transmission parts. Does ventilated box and lower air pressure reduce exposures. Total particulates data-logged while blowing off parts in general work area TPs data-logged with part held in ventilated box Determined box increased exposures since exhaust in box too low, and blow back Lower air pressure decreased exposures
TP (mg/m3)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
9: 10 :0 0 9: 10 :2 0 9: 10 :4 0 9: 11 :0 0 9: 11 :2 0 9: 11 :4 0 9: 12 :0 0 9: 12 :2 0 9: 12 :4 0 9: 13 :0 0 9: 13 :2 0 9: 13 :4 0 9: 14 :0 0 9: 14 :2 0 9: 14 :4 0 9: 15 :0 0 9: 15 :2 0 9: 15 :4 0 9: 16 :0 0 9: 16 :2 0 9: 16 :4 0 9: 17 :0 0 9: 17 :2 0
BLACK PRIME
INSTRUMENT-CENTURY SYSTEMS OVA Black prime with MEK applied to window openings on ventilated ramp, employees complain of irritation and odours How did casablanca fan speed and application method affect exposures MEK levels taken in BZ and general area with fans on high 3X higher than fans on low MEK peak levels taken In BZ while leaning over applied prime 4X higher than when furthest part of window was primed first Set fans to low speed, disabled rheostats Recd not to lean over applied prime
PAINT SPRAYING
INSTRUMENT- CENTURY SYSTEMS OVA Employees paint spraying rear of vehicle Long term test showed paint solvent exposures <5 ppm, but employees continued to complain of irritation and odours sampled BZ while spraying across from each other, found peaks of 200 ppm TOHC from overspray sampled BZ while staggering their spraying, found peaks below 10 ppm Recommended that paint sprayers in all booths stagger their paint spraying
Conclusions
Is sampling necessary, can the problem be solved
another way? Ensure your sampling strategy is right. Real time air monitoring benefits include: ability to determine patterns of exposure ability to quickly evaluate engineering or process control changes reasonably determine potential of exposure to cause adverse health effects dollar savings from reduction of lab analysis and hygienists time being used more effectively