Cogeneration

Cogeneration
Cogeneration or CHP (combined heat and power) is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat using a single fuel. Conventional power generation (with Rankines Cycle), on average, is only 35% efficient up to 65% of the energy potential is released as waste heat. The heat wasted is the latent heat taken away in a condenser a necessary heat sink to complete the thermodynamic cycle Further losses of around 5-10% are associated with the transmission and distribution of electricity

Cogeneration

Cogeneration

Best option for the Industries, which have large concurrent heat and power demands. Cost savings are dependent on the price-differential between the primary energy fuel and the bought-in electricity that the scheme displaces. Success depends on using recovered heat productively The timing of the sites electricity demand is also important

Cogeneration

Types of Cogeneration:
Steam turbines Gas turbines Reciprocating engines Combined cycle

Cogeneration
Back pressure turbine
Extraction condensing turbine

Steam turbines

Cogeneration
CHP with Back pressure turbine

Size Range (MWe)

Heat : power Ratio Elec. Generating Efficiency

0.5 to 300+
3:1 to 10:1+ 7 - 20%

Typical Overall Efficiency

Heat Quality

Up to 80%
Medium Grade Steam

Cogeneration

CHP with Extraction condensing turbine

Size Range (MWe)
Heat : power Ratio Elec. Generating Efficiency

1 to 100+
3:1 to 8:1+ 10 - 20%

Typical Overall Efficiency

Heat Quality

Up to 80%
Steam At 2 Press or More

Cogeneration

CHP with Gas turbine

Size Range (MWe) Heat : power Ratio 0.25 to 50+ 1.5:1 to 5:1*

Elec. Generating Efficiency

Typical Overall Efficiency Heat Quality

25 42%
65 87% High Grade Steam

* Highest heat : power ratios for these systems are achieved with supplementary firing.

Cogeneration

CHP with diesel and gas engines

Size Range (MWe)
Heat : power Ratio Elec. Generating Efficiency

0.2 to 20
0.5:1 to 3:1* 35 45%

Typical Overall Efficiency

Heat Quality

65 - 90%
Low Pres. Steam

* Highest heat : power ratios for these systems are achieved with supplementary firing.

Cogeneration

CHP with combined cycle

Size Range (MWe) Heat : power Ratio 3 to 300+ 1:1 to 3:1*

Elec. Generating Efficiency

Typical Overall Efficiency Heat Quality

35 55%
73 - 90% Medium Grade Steam

* Highest heat : power ratios for these systems are achieved with supplementary firing.

Cogeneration

CCHP (Combined cooling, heating and power)

Suitable for Industries which require Cooling, Heating and Power simultaneously

Low grade waste heat is used by Absorption Chiller to cool process water.
An electric chiller uses an electric motor for operating a compressor to raise the pressure of refrigerant vapors and an absorption chiller uses heat for compressing refrigerant vapors to a high-pressure.

Cogeneration
Absorption Chiller
Refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is absorbed by a solution mixture in the absorber This solution is then pumped to the generator In the Generator the refrigerant revaporizes using a waste steam heat source. The refrigerant-depleted solution then returns to the absorber via a throttling device. The two most common refrigerant/ absorbent mixtures used in absorption chillers are water/lithium bromide and ammonia/water. Compared with mechanical chillers, absorption chillers have a low coefficient of performance (COP = chiller load/heat input).