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Exercise plays an important role in glycemic control for people with type 2 diabetes. The major problem of type 2 diabetes is the lack of target cell response to insulin (insulin resistance) Insulin resistance; inadequate utilization of insulin by the cells in the insulin-responsive tissues of the body, including muscle
Because the cells become resistant to insulin, the hormone can not perform its function of facilitating glucose transport across the cell membrane Research has shown that the number or availability of insulin receptors increases during exercise, increasing bodys sensitivity to insulin
Muscle contraction has an insulin-like effect. Membrane permeability to glucose increases with muscular contraction, possibly due to an increase in the number of glucose transporters associated with the plasma membrane
Medical clearance/evaluation
Medical evaluation necessary before starting an exercise program Some people either should not be exercising at all or are considered at high risk and should be restricted to exercising only under close medical supervision:
men over 40 years age Women over 50 years age People of any age who are considered to be high risk
Exercise prescription
Involves four basic factors:
Mode or type of exercise Frequency of participation Duration of each exercise bout Intensity of the exercise bout
The goal of exercise program is to improve aerobic capacity in people who have not been exercising
endurance refers to your bodys ability to sustain prolonged, rhytmical exercise. It is highly related to your aerobic development.
Cardiorespiratory
Most
sport scientists regard VO2max the highest rate of oxygen onsumption obtained during maximal or exhaustive exercise to be the best indicator of cardiorespiratory endurance.
Cardiac
output represents how much blood leaves the heart each minute, whereas a-vO2 diff indicates how much oxygen is extracted from the blood by the tissues. The product of these values tells us the rate of oxygen consumption: VO2 = SV a-vO2 diff. the chambers of the heart, the left ventricle changes the most in response to endurance training
Of
The
internal dimensions of the left ventricle increase, mostly in response to an increase in ventricular filling.
Left ventricular thickness also increases, increasing the strength potential of chambers contractions. Following endurance training, stroke volume increases during rest, submaximal exercises, and maximal exertion.
A major factor leading to the stroke volume increases is an increased end-diastolic volume, probably caused by an increase in blood plasma and greater diastolic filling time
Another major factor is increased left ventricular contractility. This is caused by hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle and increased elastic recoil, which results from increased stretching of the chamber with more diastolic filling. Blood flow to muscles is increased by endurance training. Increased blood flow results from four factors:
Increased capilarization. Greater opening of existing capillaries. More effective blood redistribution. Increased blood volume.