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Ethernet Basics

Ethernet

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The diagram .. was drawn by Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe in 1976 to present Ethernet to the National Computer Conference in June of that year.

Topics History, Standards, Terminology Transmission media Topologies Protocol Access methods, Collision management

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What is Ethernet ?

Ethernet is a certain type of a local area network (LAN) which was developed in 1972 in the renowned PARCresearch facility of Xerox in Palo Alto by Robert Metcalfe. In the meantime the companies Intel, DEC and Xerox have specified a common standard that has been established in the IEEE-standard 802.3.
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History 1969 student Robert Metcalfe (founder of 3Com in 1979) develops a Host Interface Controller for DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in the company DEC. the ALOHA-Net (multiple access protocol) is developed and tested at the university of Hawaii the idea is picked up by the XEROX Palo Alto Research Center (Metcalfe works there by then). The project goal is: experimental Ethernet

1970

1972
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History 1976

1980 1981

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1982 1985

the results of the project are published. The companies DEC, Intel and Xerox join in the company DIX and complete Ethernet to the market entry stage. Ethernet version 1.0 is passed. IEEE starts standardization efforts. The Ethernet specification is accepted without major modifications. Publication of Ethernet version 2.0 worldwide recognition of the Ethernet standard as ISO/DIS 8802/3

History 1986

1987
1991 1994 1995 1997

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Publication of the 10Base2- and 10BroadT standards Standardization of the 10BaseT spezification Publication of the 10BaseF standard more than 10.000 suppliers support the Ethernet globally Standardization of the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet Standardization efforts for the Gigabit Ethernet and presentation of first products prior to the completion of the standard

Ethernet TCP/IP
LAYER 7 Modbus etc.

TCPHeader

TCP-DATA

TCP-frame IPHeader IP-DATA

IP-frame
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EthernetHeader

Ethernet-DATA

FCS

Ethernetframe

Access method: CSMA/CD

New attempt

Station is ready to send

Waiting according to back-off algorithm

check Ether medium available

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Medium occupied

Sending of data and checking the Ether

No collision

Discovered collision

send jam signal

Back-Off Algorithm

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If a collision has occurred, the stations try to send again after a certain period of time. After the first collision there a two different back-off times available, from which one is chosen at random. Transmission probability is 50% After the second consecutive collision there are four different back-off times available, from which one is chosen at random. The transmission probability now is 75%

Truncated Binary Exponential Back-Off-Algorithm

Nuber of back-off times to be selected at random 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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2 4 8 16

50% 75% 87,5% 93,75% 96,88% 98,44 99,22% 99,61% 99,80% 99,90% 99,90% 99,90%

12

13
14 15 16

... ...... ......... ............ ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

32 64 128 256 512 1024 1024 1024

1024
1024 1024 1024

99,90%
99,90% 99,90% 99,90%

Which waiting times are used ? The 0...1024 fold of the double max. signal travel time between the most remote stations + Offset is used With 10 Mbit/s Ethernet that means: Station 1
25.6s 25.6s

Station 2

51.2s
The waiting time is also called collision window, the offset (9.6s) is called gap. Only after the time of the collision window has passed, you can be certain that there will be no more collision.

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Example After the first collision the stations willing to send select a random waiting time of either 9.6s or 9.6s plus 51.2s (duration of the collision window). Condition: Only two stations are involved, no new stations enter the scene in the collision management phase. Waiting time(A) 9.6s 9.6s 9.6s+51.2s 9.6s+51.2s waiting time(B) transmission 9.6s NO 9.6s+51.2s YES 9.6s YES 9.6s+51.2s NO

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Delay depending on the network load

high

High throughput

Beginning problems

Overload

delay

low

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10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %

60 %

70 %

80 %

Network load

Ethernet address Also called "MAC address" Globally unique ID for each device Burnt into ROM, cannot be modified Six Bytes in which manufacturer, device model and serial number are coded Readable with many auxiliary tools e.g. WINIPCFG

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Ethernet frame
Ethernet II DIX Frame:
Preamble DA SA Type Data Pad FCS

>=46

IEEE 802.3 Frame:

Preamble SFD DA SA LEN Data Pad FCS

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>=46

Ethernet frame

Preamble

Trailer consisting of the bit sequence 0101010101... serving the bit synchronization of the receiver. Start character consisting of the bit pattern 10101011 showing the recipient that the actual information will follow now. Evaluated by the recipients address filter; only data frames destined for this recipient will be passed on to the communication software. Senders address

SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)

DA (Destination Address) SA (Source Address)
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LEN (Length)
Indicates the length of the subsequent data field in Bytes according to IEEE 802.3.

Ethernet frame

Data and Pad

The data field may contain 46 to 1500 user data bytes. Are there less than 46 bytes the Ethernet controller independently adds padding bytes, until the total amount (data + pad) is 46. This miminum length is crucial for the CSMA/CD procedure to work faultlessly. The data field can be used at will, it only has to contain complete bytes.

FCS (Frame Check Sequence)

A check character. It is obtained by taking the rest of the division operation from the formula representing the wide-spread cyclic- redundancy-check procedure. This formula is applied to the bit sequence including the address field through to the padding field. In case of en error the whole frame is ignored, i.e. not passed on to the application program.

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Ethernet Address

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WIN-NT: ipconfig /all

Naming of the cable types Example: 10base5 10 Transmission rate in Mbytes/s base Base or Broadband 5 Segment length in 100 meters UTP unshielded twisted pair STP shielded twisted pair S/STP screened shielded twisted pair
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Ethernet topologies

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Ethernet Media

Extension The maximum extension depends on the medium and the transmission rate; here some examples: 10base5 Segment: 500m Total: 2500m (with 4 repeaters)

100baseTX UTP
100baseFX
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Hub-Station: 100m
Hub-Station: 400m 25km (with Mono mode fibre) Hub-Station: 550m

1000baseSX

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Repeater / Hub

Repeater Hub

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Bridge

A
E B
Bridge

C
F D

Switch = Multiport Bridge

Bridge

Switch

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Hub - Switch
A

H
G

A B H C G B

Hub
F
E A H B

Switch
D

D
Time F E

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Hub
F E D

Characteristics of the switches

Cut-Trough Switch noc cheking of the data frames Store-and-Forward checking of the data frames Frames with same destination kept in internal short term memory thus queueing them discard them or create collision Broadcast messages go to all stations anyway (z.B. ARP) so switches are of no advantage here there are specific approaches of different switch manufacturers to reduce broadcast data traffic

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Typical office wiring

Network socket Patch field

Patch cable

Hub/Switch

Patch field

normal Cat 5 cable

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RJ 45

Hub/Switch

www http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org http://wwwhost.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet/

http://www.3com.com/technology/tech_net/white_papers/index.html#ethernet

http://www.iaopennetworking.com/

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