Optimum Layout for a Turbofan Engine

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
An excellent Choice for Fighter Planes .
Mixed Flow Turbofan Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6h
7
6c
8
03 06c
p p =
Ideal Mixer
Ideal Mixer : Constant Total Pressure Process.
For a stable operation of the mixer, the inlet static
pressures of core flow and fan flow must be equal.
If they are not, back flow will occur in either the fan
or core.
6h 6c
p p =
03 07 06h 06c
p p p p = = =
06h 06c
M M ~
The stagnation pressure ratio across the fan:
02
06h
0p,fan
02
03
p
p
r
p
p
= =
1
2
3
4
5
6h
7
6c
8
0p,turbine 0p,fan comp 0p,
02
03
03
04
05
06h
0p,fan
r r r
p
p
p
p
p
p
r = =
02
04
04
06h
02
06h
0p,fan
p
p
p
p
p
p
r = =
0p,turbine comp 0p,
r r 1 =
0p,turbine comp 0p,
1 =
Condition for Efficient Mixing
Theory of Jet Propulsion : Just Enough Work
The power inputs to the compressor & fan = The power
output of the turbine
turbine fan compressor
W W W
- - -
= +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ +

-
-

-
comp p
cc p
core
fan p p
core
comp p fan p p
core
T c f m
T c m T c m
, 0
0 , 0
, 0 0 , 0 , 0 0
1
1 1
1 1 1
t
t
t o t t
( ) ( )( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + +
comp p
cc fan p comp p fan p
f
, 0
, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
1
1 1 1 1 1
t
t t o t t
( ) ( )( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + +
comp p
cc fan p comp p fan p
f
, 0
, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
1
1 1 1 1 1
t
t t o t t
( ) ( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + +
comp p
cc comp p fan p
f
, 0
, 0 , 0 , 0
1
1 1 1
t
t o o t t
( ) ( )
( ) o t
o
t
t
t
+
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
comp p
comp p
cc
fan p
f
, 0
, 0
, 0
, 0
1
1
1 1
Adiabatic mixing process:
( ) ( )
07 p
fan core
06c p fan 06h p core
T c m f 1 m T c m T c f 1 m
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = + +
- - - -
( ) ( )
07 06c 06h
T f 1 T T f 1 + + = + +
( )
( ) f 1
T T f 1
T
06c 06h
07
+ +
+ +
=

= =
0 0p,turbine cc 0, 0p,turb 05 06h
T T T t t t

= =
0 0p,fan 03 06c
T T T t
( )
( ) f
T
+ +
+ +
=

o
ot t t
1
0 0 0p,fan 0p,turbine cc 0,
07
T f 1
T
( ) | |
( ) f 1
f 1
T T
0p,fan 0p,turbine cc 0,
0 07
+ +
+ +
=

o
ot t t
1
2
3
4
5
6h
7
6c
8

= = = = = =
0
p r p p p p p p
0p,fan 03 07 06h 06c 07 08
07 08
T T =
Mixed Flow Turbofan w/o AB

= = = = =
0
p r p p p p p
0p,fan 03 07 06h 06c 08

=
)
`

+ =
0
1
2
1
1 p r M p p
0p,fan
2
8 8 08

1
1
2
1
0

t
p
p
0p,fan
2
8
M
( ) | |
( ) f
f 1
T T T
0p,fan 0,turbine cc 0,
07 08
+ +
+ +
= =

o
ot t t
1
0
)
`

1
T
T
1
2
M
0
0p,fan
2
8

( ) | |
( ) f 1
f 1
T T
0p,fan 0,turbine cc 0,
0 08
+ +
+ +
=

2
8
08
8
M
2
1
1
T
T

+
=

2
8 8
2
8
M RT V =
8 8 jetmix
M RT V =
Generation of Thrust : The Capacity
( ) ( ) { }
ac jetmix core mixed T,
V 1 V f 1 m F + + + =

Propulsive Power or Thrust Power:
ac mixed T, p
V F P =
Specific Thrust based on total jet flow S,
( ) f 1 m
F
S
core
mixed T,
mixed
+ +
=

Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption TSFC

mixed T,
fuel
F
m
TSFC

=
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( )
ac jetmix
ac jetmix core
fuel
V 1 V f 1
f
V 1 V f 1 m
m
TSFC


+ + +
=
+ + +
=

Aviation Appreciation
Propulsion Efficiency
Jet the of Power Kinetic Available
Power Thrust

propulsion
=
( ) ( ) { }
2
ac
2
jetmix
core
ac mixed T,
propulsion
V 1 V f 1
2
m
V F

+ + +
=

Mixed Flow Fan : Effect of Bypass
Ratio
N
o
n
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l

S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

T
h
r
u
s
t

r
0p,comp=15
M
ac
=0.75
t
0,cc=5.78

Subsonic Operation : Mixed Turbo Fan: M
ac
=0.75
B
y
p
a
s
s

R
a
t
i
o

Compressor Pressure Ratio
Fan Pressure Ratio
2
3
4
5
B
y
p
a
s
s

R
a
t
i
o

Compressor Pressure Ratio
Fan Pressure Ratio
Supersonic Operation : Mixed Turbo Fan:
M
ac
=2.0
Subsonic Operation : Mixed Turbo Fan:
M
ac
=0.75
T
S
F
C

Compressor Pressure Ratio
Fan Pressure Ratio
2
3
4
5
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

T
h
r
u
s
t


Compressor Pressure Ratio
Fan Pressure Ratio
Subsonic Operation : Mixed Turbo Fan : M
ac
=0.75
2
3
4
5
T
S
F
C

Compressor Pressure Ratio
Fan Pressure Ratio
2
3
4
5
Supersonic Operation : Mixed Turbo Fan :
M
ac
=2.0
Supersonic Operation : Mixed Turbo
Fan : M
ac
=2.0
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

T
h
r
u
s
t


Compressor Pressure Ratio
Fan Pressure Ratio
2
3
4
5
T
S
F
C

Compressor Pressure Ratio
Fan Pressure Ratio
2
3
4
5
B
y
p
a
s
s

R
a
t
i
o

Fan Pressure
Ratio
Compressor Pressure Ratio
Designs for Fuel Economy: Subsonic
Flight
Designs for High Thrust: Supersonic Flight
6h 7
6c
9
Mixed flow turbofan with After Burner:
8
( )
( ) f
T
+ +
+ +
=

o
ot t t
1
0 0 0p,fan 0p,turbine cc 0,
07
T f 1
T
After burner temperatures are generally less than after
combustor temperature.

T
08
< T
05

Generally the percentage of enhancement in thrust is
specified to determine temperature of the gas after burner.
cc 0, ab 0,
t t < =
0
08
T
T
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + + =

0
07
, 0 0
1 1 . .
T
T
f f f T c V H f
comb ab ab comb p ab
o t o
( )
( )
comb
f
T
+ +
+ +
=

o
ot t t
1
0 0 0p,fan 0p,turbine cc 0, comb
07
T f 1
T

= = = = = =
0
p r p p p p p p
0p,fan 03 07 06h 06c 08 09

=
)
`

+ =
0
1
2
1
1 p r M p p
0p,fan
2
9 9 09

1
1
2
1
0

t
p
p
0p,fan
2
9
M

=
0
T T
ab 0, 08
t
)
`

1
T
T
1
2
M
0
0p,fan
2
9

=
0 09
T T
ab , 0
t
2
9
09
9
M
2
1
1
T
T

+
=

2
9 9
2
9
M RT V =
9 9 jetmix
M RT V =
Generation of Thrust : The Capacity
( ) ( ) { }
ac jetmix ab comb core mixed T,
V 1 V f f 1 m F + + + + =

Propulsive Power or Thrust Power:
ac mixed T, p
V F P =
Specific Thrust based on total jet flow S,
( )
ab comb core
mixed T,
mixed
f f 1 m
F
S
+ + +
=

TF30: Pratt and Whitney Mixed Flow Turbofan

Engine
The TF30P414 engine is a mixed flow, dual spool afterburning
low by pass turbofan designed and manufactured by Pratt and
Whitney Aircraft of West Palm Beach, Florida.
The engine incorporates a nine stage low pressure compressor
including a three stage fan driven by a three stage low pressure
turbine; and a 7 stage axial flow high pressure compressor
driven by a single stage high pressure turbine.
SPECIFICATIONS:TF30
Development of TF30P414 was initiated in March 1969.
TF30P414A was placed in service in October 1982.
929 TF30P414s were converted to P414As with
conversion kits; conversion completed November 1987.
269 P414As were purchased.
Max Design Pressure Ratio, SLS :Fan: 2.14 to 1 Overall:
19.8 to 1
Bypass airflow ratio: 0.878 to 1
Max rated airflow: 242.0 lbs/s

F110-GE-400 Mixed Flow Turbofan Engine
Details of F110-GE 400
The F110GE400 engine is a mixed flow, dual spool afterburning
low by pass turbofan designed and manufactured by General
Electric Aircraft Engines in Lynn, Massachusetts.
The engine is of modular construction, consisting of six engine
modules, and an accessories gearbox.
The engine incorporates a 3stage fan driven by a two stage low
pressure turbine; and a 9stage axial flow high pressure compressor
driven by a single stage high pressure turbine.
To moderate engine performance at various power levels the engine
features a variable geometry system.
The combustor is a through flow annular type.
The hinged flap cam linked exhaust nozzle is hydraulically actuated.
The engine mounted accessory gearbox provides the necessary
extracted power needed to drive the accessories.
The engine control system regulates speeds, temperature levels and
fuel flow for afterburning and non after burning operation.
The lubrication and ignition system are self contained on the engine.
Development was initiated April 1984 and engine was placed in
service in late 1986
SPECIFICATIONS:F110-GE - 400
Max Design Pressure Ratio, SLS:Fan:3.2 to 1
Overall: 29.9 to 1
Airflow Capacity: Max rated airflow:
270.0 lbs/s