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TYPES OF

FIBER
EVALUATIONFirst
Window
100
Attenuation (dB/km)

50 Early 1970s
20
10 Second
5.0 Window Third
2.0 1980s Window
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.1
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Wavelength (nm)
Optical Fiber

 Mostly SM fiber is used long distance


communication typically 5 Km to 170 Km with
out any problem
 MM fiber is only used for the low data rates and
short distance communication typically 100
meter to 1 Km
 Distance of reach depends on so many
parameters
Typically SM Fibers

Normal Single Mode Fiber


DSF (Dispersion shifted fiber)
NZ-DSF ( dispersion shifted fiber )
DCF (Dispersion compensating fiber)
LEAF (Larger effective area fiber)
DFF (Dispersion Flattened Fiber)
Typically SM Fibers

 Dispersion is zero at 1312 nm wavelength


 At 1312 nm the losses in the fiber is high
 While Losses minimum at 1550 nm while the
dispersion parameter is +17 ps/nm/Km
Typical SM Fiber Parameters

 Zero dispersion wavelength (nm)


 Cutoff wavelength (nm)
 Attenuation (dB/Km)
 Dispersion (ps/nm Km)
 PMD coefficient (ps/Km1/2)
 Mode field diameter (micro meter)
 Effective area (micro meter2)
Typical SM Fiber Parameters

Parameter at different wavelengths are


Attenuation slope
(dB/Km/nm)
Dispersion slope (ps/nm2 Km)
Mode field diameter
Typical Value for SM Fiber

1 Attenuation only in fiber (dB/km) 1550 nm ≤0.25


2 Attenuation vs. wavelength (dB/km) 0.05
Max Delta from 1550nm value between (1525-1625 nm)
3 Dispersion slope (ps/nm 2 -km) mean At 1550 (nm) ≤ 0.092
4 Zero dispersion wavelength (nm) 1310 or 1550
5 Dispersion (ps/nm.km) mean @1550nm (P or N)
1530 to 1565 nm 2.6 to 6.0 P
1565 to 1625 nm 4.5 to 11.2 P
6 Mode field diameter (µm) At 1550 nm 9.2 to 10
7 Max Effective area (µm2) Norminal 72
8 Cutoff Wavelength (nm) 1247
9 PMD Coefficient (ps/km1/2), max mean, @1550 nm ≤0.08
10 Effective Group Index of Refraction @ 1550 nm 1.469
ITU Standards (Optical Fiber)

 G.650 – Definition and test methods for the relevant


parameters of single mode fibers
 G.651 – Characteristics of a 50/125 μm multimode
graded index optical fiber cable
 G.652 – Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber
cable
 G.653 – Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-
mode optical fiber cable.
ITU Standards (Optical Fiber)

 G.654 – Characteristics of a 1550 nm wavelength


loss- minimized single-mode
optical fiber cable
 G.655 – Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion
single- mode optical fiber cable.
G652 fiber

 ITU-recommendation G.652
 SMF has
 Zero chromatic dispersion at 1310
 High chromatic dispersion
 (approx. 17ps/nm-km) at
1550nm
 Advantage
 Support WDM
 Low in cost
 Disadvantage
 Suitable only for short and
medium distances
 Needs Dispersion Compensation
G652 fiber

1530 1610
20
Dispersion (ps/ nm.Km)

10

0
1310 1550 λ nm

-10

-20 EDFA Gain Spectrum


Dispersion Shifted Fiber

 ITU-recommendation G.653
 Wave guide dispersion and material dispersion cancel
out each other at 1310nm
 Same cancellation is used at 1550nm band
 The reasons are principally:
Fiber attenuation is a lot lower in the
1550 nm band
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers operate in
this band
 Done by increasing the waveguide dispersion
Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)
1530 1610
20

10
Dispersion (ps/ nm.Km)

1310
0
1550 λ nm

NDSF

-10

EDFA Gain Spectrum


DSF
-20
Dispersion Slope of SM Fibers
Dispersion Components
Dispersion Shifted Fiber

 Advantage
Suitable for DWDM applications, with
broad channel spacing
Dispersion compensation is required after
long distances
 Disadvantage
Not suitable for higher channel count
Suffers from strong nonlinear effects
Unsuitable for narrow channel spacing,
due to four wave mixing
Non Zero Dispersion shifted Fiber

• ITU-recommendation G.655
• Low positive value of dispersion
(4 ps/nm/km in the 1530-1610 nm band)
• Advantages
• Minimizes unwanted effects Four-Wave-
Mixing(FWM)
• More distance than SMF
• Disadvantage
• Not able to carry large optical power
Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber

10

5
Dispersion (ps/

1610
nm.Km)

0
1530 λ nm
1550
NZ-DSF
-5

DSF
-10

EDFA Gain
Spectrum
NZ-DSF
Dispersion Flattened Fiber

• Here dispersion over range from 1300 to 1700 is


reduced i.e 3ps/nm/km
• Advantages
• Very less dispersion change within EDFA
spectrum
• Efficient for DWDM systems with less
number of channels
• Disadvantages
• Extremely high attenuation (2dB/Km)
• Severe Four Wave Mixing problems
Dispersion Flattened Fiber
20

10
Dispersion (ps/
nm.Km)

0
1530 1610 λ nm
1550
Dispersion
-10 Flattened

DSF
-20

EDFA Gain
Spectrum
Large Effective Area Fiber (LEAF) :
Large Effective Area Fiber (LEAF) :

 Fiber effective is increased to 72 to 80 micro meter2 from


50 micro meter2
 This type of fiber can carry large amount of the optical
power
 Nonlinear interactions will be reduced
 Generally used in Undersea applications
 Disadvantage
– Difficult fiber design
– Cost is very high
Fiber Technologies

Fiber Type Properties Target Network


Application Impact

SMF Standard Common -----------------

Reduced WDM Long Reduced No. of


NZDSF
Dispersion Haul Regenerators

LEAF Reduced Fiber WDM Long Reduced No. of


Non Linearity Haul regenerators

Increased No. of
All-Wave™ Eliminates WDM Metro
Usable λ & Low
Water Peak CWDM
Cost Components

RNDF Reduced Negative Metro, Reduce DCMs &


Dispersion Regional Regenerators

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