SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

AN OVERVIEW

POINTS:

INTRODUCTION & SATELLITE SYSTEMS SYSTEM HISTORY LAW OF SATELLITE SATELLITE ORBIT ELEVATION CATEGORIES MERITS & DEMERITS OF SATELLITES SPATIAL SEPERATION SATELLITE LINK MODEL SERVICES

WHAT IS SATELLITE
MICROWAVE

REPEATER:Reciever,Transmitter,Amplifier,Regenerator,filter,on board computer,Mux,Demux,Antenna,Waveguide Satellite System:(i)1 or more satellite space vehicle (ii)Ground base station (iii)User network *Types:(i)-Active (ii) Passive

TYPES
ACTIVE SATELLITE:Capable of receiving, amplifying, reshaping, regenerating & retransmitting information * PASSIVE:- Simply reflector- No gain device modifies it.

HISTORY
1957,

RUSSIA SPUTNIK1,first active satellite 21 days telemetry information transmitted. 1958,NASA launched SCORE with on board tape recording. 1960,NASA launched ECHO- A plastic balloon(100 ft diameter)aluminium coating

CONTINUED
1962,

AT & T launched TELSTAR1, first active satellite receiving & transmitting radio signals simultaneously. INTELSAT1- first commercial telecommunication satellite launched from cape ken eddy in 1965. 1966-87, Series of satellite-Intelsat II,III,IV,V,VI have capacity of 80,000 voice channels.

LAW OF SATELLITES (motion in its orbit)

GIVEN

BY JOHN KEPLER(1571)-Planetry motion. 1- Planet moves in orbit with sun at one focus. 2-It sweeps out equal area in equal interval time. 3-The square of the time of revolution of a planet divided by the cube of its mean distance from sun gives a number which is same for all planets.

SATELLITE ORBIT
Two types mainly synchronous & non synchronous satellites. Two types(based on speed) I) CIRCULAR-Speed of rotation constant. II)ELLIPTICAL- Varying speed *PROGADE ORBIT:- Same direction as earth rotation s >e *Retrograde orbit:- s < e, in opposite or same direction.

SATELLITE ELEVATION CATEGORIES

LEO(Low earth orbit) MEO(Medium earth orbit) GEO (Geosynchronus earth orbit) (1)-LEO- Orbit approximately 370 miles above the earth surface frequency 1GHz-2.5GHz (2)-MEO:- 6000-12000 miles, 1.2-1.66 GHz (3)-GEO:-22,300 miles, 2GHz-18 GHz. Satellite remains its orbit due to balance b/w centrifugal & gravitational force.

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LEO:-small

distance, greater gravitational force, high speed as it takes 1.5 hours to rotate around earth, line of sight to earth station is .25 hour. Advantages- less path loss, low transmitted power, smaller antenna & less weight. MEO:- Rotation period- 5-12 hours. Line of sight- 2-4 hours.

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GEO:- Orbit is circular(speed of rotation constant) - one geosynchronous orbit=> but occupied by a large number of satellite. - Satellite travels 6840 mile/hr & rotate earth in 24 Hz. H=35,768 km, R=6378 km, H=H+R=42164 km, C=2H=42164*2=264790 km V=264790/24=11033 km/hr or 6840 miles/hr

MERITS & DEMERITS OF GEO

Advantage:-

1- Remaining Stationary:- no expensive tracking equipments. 2- Remain to earth station with 100% of time. 3-No need to shift from one satellite to another satellite.

Demerits of GEO

Sophisticated & heavy propulsion device require to keep them in fixed position. propagation delay{500-600 msec}

Longer High

transmitted power & more sensitive receiver because of longer distance & greater path loss.

Spatial Separation
Operating at near frequency must be separated in space to avoid interference it depends on following variables: 1-Beam width & side lobs of both earth station & satellite antenna. 2-RF carrier frequency. 3-Encoding or modulation technique use. 4-Acceptable limit of interference. 5-Transmitted carrier power.