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CEMENT A cement is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete. The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong
PC Portland cement
Name Portland due to resemblance of colour and
quality of the set cement to sandstone found in Portland in UK OPC Ordinary Portland cement was obtained by mixing of mainly Calcareous material lime stone or chalk Argillaceous material clay/shale Silicious material Silica Burning at 1400-14500C results in 3-25 mm clinkers Clinkers finely grounded to get OP Cement
USES OF CEMENT
Cement is used for all engineering works.
wall,
etc.,)
and
special
structures
(bridges,
dams,
tunnels,etc.,)
TYPES OF CEMENT
SI.No Types Applications Where the high strength is required at initial stage (repair works, early removal of formworks) Sewage treatment plant, marine structures, etc,. Used in mass concreting works (Dams) Under water construction and grouting purposes Where the high structure is required. resistance
3
4
5
6 7
High earlier strength in cold climates Increase the frost resistance of hardened concrete.
Masonry cement
Used for masonry constructions and plastering (High workability and water repellent compared to OPC)
Used for filling the crack by grouting and cracks due to shrinkage of concrete are avoided. Aesthetic purposes.
9
10
Expansive cement
Coloured cement
11
12
White cement
High strength cement
TESTING OF CEMENT
Field testing Laboratory testing
FIELD TESTING
Date of manufacture Because aging reduces the strength
Period of storage %age of 28-days strength
Open the bags - No lumps should be present (Mean no setting) Thrust your hand into the cement - There should be cool feeling (means no heat of hydration no setting) Pinch of cement between fingers - It should give smooth feeling (means no setting).
LABORATORY TEST
Fineness of cement by dry sieving (IS 4031 1968)
100 gm cement taken Hand sieving for 15 minutes on 90 IS sieve Residue on sieve weighed For OPC
PPC,HSOPC, SGC
More fineness increases only the early strength not the ultimate
strength.
temperature (270 C + 2 c)
Mould kept in position so that Vicat plunger touching paste
mould
Concrete
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE
Cement Aggregates
Fine
Coarse
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
High compressive strength
USES OF CONCRETE
For Civil Engineering works concrete is one of the essential material. (Buildings, Roads, Bridges, Dams, Industries, Piles, Pipes, etc,.)
CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE
Plain cement concrete (without steel). Reinforced cement concrete (with steel)
TYPES OF CONCRETE
Light weight concrete Light weight aggregate concrete Aerated concrete No-fine concrete High density concrete Polymer concrete
TESTING OF CONCRETE
Testing of fresh concrete
Workability test Workability is the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mold properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concrete's quality. Workability depends on water content, aggregate (shape and size distribution), quality of cement content and chemical admixtures. Slump test
Testing of hardened concrete Compressive strength test. Tensile strength test. Non destructive test. Redound hammer test Ultrasonic test
sand
CLASSIFICATION OF SAND
Natural sand (river sand) Artificial sand (crusher sand)
USES OF SAND
Preparing mortar and concrete. Used as a filling material in the basement. In top of bituminous road it acting as a binding material. It forms major portion of mortar and reduces the cost of mortar
TESTING OF SAND
Sieve analysis and fineness modulus test As per I.S standard the size of sieves are 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18mm, 600 ,300 and 150 . Fineness modulus of sand = Sum of percentage retained in each sieve 100 For plastering 1.6 to 2.0 For masonry mortar 2.0 to 3.0 For concrete 2.5 to 3.5 Test for bulkage of sand. Bulkage: Increase in volume of sand. % bulkage of sand = ((H1-H2)/H2)x100
steel
STEEL SECTIONS
Bras Plates Flats Angles Channels I sections T sections
Length of bars 10 to 12 m
Plates
Max area 30 m2 Thickness 5 to 28 mm Thickness < 5 mm are called sheets
Flats
Flats are longer and have shorter width.
Width 18 to 500 mm
Thickness 3 to 80 mm.
Use for grill and railing works. Costlier than plates
Angles Equal angle 20x20x3 mm to 200x200x25mm Weight / metre length 9.0N and 736 N.
Unequal angle 30x20x3 mm to 200x150x18mm Weight / metre length 11.0N and 469 N. Used in steel roof trusses, steel columns and beams. Mainly used in steel bridges.
Channels
I- Sections
T- Sections