CREATED BY: PERSANTI NUZBAND, M.

PD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 SAMARINDA

In the body cells, food is used for the oxidation process. This reaction is called biological oxidation. Biological oxidation produces energy, carbon dioxide, and water. The energy from oxidation is used to keep the body warm. For muscle work and other body activities. Carbon dioxide and water are oxidation wastes that will be excreted from the body.

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The human respiratory organs consists of the nose, larynx, trachea, and lungs. Nose and nasal cavity Breathing through the nose is the best way because the air undergo three process. First, the air will be filtered by the nasal hair and mucous membrane. Second, the air temperature will undergo adjustment.

The air entering the respiratory system is warmed by blood in the blood vessels inside the nasal cavity. Third, the air is moistened by the mucous membrane. 2. Bronchial tube (larynx) After passing the nose, the air enters the larynx. The larynx is composed of cartilaginous plates, the front set of which the Adams apple, and has a flap-like projection at the upper part known as the epiglottis. The epiglottis is usually open and will only close if there is food being swallowed.

3. Trachea The trachea is composed of ring-like cartilage and is located in front of the esophagus. It always opens to allow us to breathe freely. At its lower end, the trachea divides into two channels called bronchi; one goes to the left lung while the other goes to the right lung. 4. Lungs The lungs are located inside the chest above the diaphragm. Diaphragm is a muscular and membranous structure that separates the chest

and abdominal cavities. The right lung has three major lobes while the left lung has two lobes. The lungs are covered with a membrane called pleura. In the lungs, irregular cartilage plates known as bronchioles replace bronchi. At the ends of the bronchioles are small air sacs called alveoli (singular: alveolus). There are approximately 300 million alveoli in the lungs, of which the total area of its surfaces is around 80 square meters.

During breathing, two phenomena occur, inspiration (drawing the air into the lungs) and expiration (releasing the air from lungs). When we inhale, the air will enter the respiratory organs. This air is called inhaled air. On the other hand, when exhaling, the air will be released from the respiration organs. This air is called exhaled air.

The air is entering and exiting the lungs due to the expansion and contraction of the lungs resulting from the tensing and relaxing of the muscles in the chest and diaphragm. Breathing done with the help of external intercostal muscles is called costal breathing. Breathing marked by the expansion of abdominal muscles (muscles of the diaphragm) is called abdominal breathing.

Before inhaling, diaphragm muscles are curved up (relaxed position). When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts, so that the diaphragm is in a flat position will cause the chest cavity that is caused by the contraction of the diaphragm is called abdominal breathing.

When we take a deep breath, the costal muscles contract so that the ribs move up. This will cause the expansion of the chest cavity. The expansion of the chest cavity due to the change of rib position is called costal breathing. As the chest cavity expands, the pressure inside the chest cavity drops so that the air from the environment enters the lungs. This will cause the lungs to expand.

When we exhale the costal muscles and diaphragm are in a relaxed position. The diaphragm and the costal muscles return to their normal position. This will cause the chest cavity to shrink so that the air pressure in the lungs rise. The rise in pressure will cause the air to flow to the environment.

Lung volume is determined by the size of the lung, breathing ability, and breathing technique. Lungs in human adults are able to contain 5 liters of air. This is called the lung capacity or lung volume. In normal respiration, the air volume entering and exiting the lung is 0.5 liters. This is called the tidal volume.

At maximal exhalation, there is still 1 liter of air inside the lung. This is called the functional residual volume. If the lung capacity is 5 liters and the residual volume is 1 liter, then the volume of air flowing to and from the lungs is 4 liters at maximum. This volume is known as the vital capacity of the lung. The vital capacity of the lung is the maximum amount of air circulating in the lung.

The followings are explanations of some respiratory diseases and disorders. 1. The common cold is a condition in which the nasal cavity is filled with mucus. Runny nose, sneezing, and throat inflammation also occur. Common colds are caused by viral infections in the upper respiratory tract.

2. Influenzas common symptoms are a runny nose, sneezing, throat inflammation, headache, fever, and a feeling of pain and fatigue in the muscles. Influenza is caused by a viral infection in the upper respiration tract. 3. Bronchitis is an inflammation in the bronchi caused by a viral infection. The inflammation will cause coughing and the production of greyish yellow mucus in the lungs.

4. Asthma causes the muscles surrounding the bronchioles to constrict so much that air has difficulty reaching the lungs. Asthma is not contagious and is genetic. Dust, chemical substances, pollen, fungi, cold air, and dead skin cells from animals are examples of allergens that can trigger an asthma attack in susceptible people. 5. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that attacks the lungs. TB causes the formation of hard nodules (tubercles) in the alveolus. TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

6. Pneumonia is an inflammation of lung tissue, especially in the alveoli, caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The inflammation will cause the alveoli to fill with fluid and mucous, preventing oxygen from being absorbed. 7. Pleurisy (pleuritis) is an inflammation of the double membranes surrounding the lungs (pluera). The inflammation is usually caused by infection of other organs close to lungs. The inflamed pleura exudes excessive fluid into the pleural cavity so that the person infected feels pain during breathing.