DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Wavelength Multiplexing
MULTIPLE FIBER

OPTICAL MULTIPLEXERS

SINGLE FIBER

Wave Length Multiplexing

Multiplexing

multiple wavelengths over a

single fiber
Two

Major Types

CWDM Coarse Wave Length Division Multiplexing Channel Spacing 20 nanometers

DWDM Dense Wave Length Division Multiplexing Channel Spacing 8 nanometers

WDM Categories
Wrapperless

Systems

Protocol Independent

Wrapper

Systems

Framed optical channel Various low-level transmission functions Error checking Performance monitoring Forward Error Correction (FEC) Management channel to support OAM&P

Optical

bitstream

interpretable

by

higher-level

protocols

New Service Offerings

Emerging Scenario

TDM Vs WDM

TDM Vs WDM

Advantage - DWDM
The The Shrinking Shrinking Continent Continent
1993
LA
OC-48

...
40km between regenerators

NY

2.5 Gb/s/fiber pair

$20,000 per DS1 (excluding fiber costs)

1998
LA
100 Gb/s/fiber pair

100Gb/s with DWDM

...
400km between regenerators

NY
$1,000 per DS1 (excluding fiber costs)

40x Increase in bandwidth

10x Increase in regen spacing

20x decreased in cost

Technology Technology is is conquering conquering distance distance

DWDM Evolution

WAVELENGTH WINDOWS

ITU-T WAVELENGTH GRID

Frequency Utilization for Fiber Application

Window First Second Third Fourth Fifth Fifth Label -S C L --DWDM/MAN2 Range(nm) 820-900 1280-1350 1530-1565 1565-1620 1350-1450 1450-1528 Fiber type MF SMF NZDSF NZDSF SMF AllwaveTM DWDM NZDSF Applications LAN-Type Single- DWDM1

DWDM may also include single wavelength application 2 Currently, EDFAs do not perform below the range of 1530 nm.

WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXING

Wavelength Multiplexing

Multiple Lambdas
Delhi Cal

Bombay

Nagpur X-Connect

Chennai

Optical Amplifier

OPTICAL ADD-DROP MULTIPLEXERS

Drop-ADD Wavelength N
1, 2,.., N Fiber Fiber

OADM
1, 2,.., N
OA OA

1, 2,.., N

Optical Switch
Optical 2 X 2 Switch

Fiber

Fiber

1, 2,.., N

1, 2,.., N

Optical Demultiplexer

Drop-Add wavelength 1

Optical Multiplexer

A Typical DWDM Link

Channel 1 Channel 2 1 2 OADM 1

Fiber OA
1, 2,.., N

OA
Channel N N

1, 2,.., N

Opt. MUX

Opt. De-MUX

= Laser Diode
= Receiver

DWDM Ring Network

STM

IP

OADM 1, 2,.., N

HUB
1, 2,.., N OADM

OADM 1, 2,.., N 1, 2,.., N

O/E
STM IP

DWDM Application

PLL

Detectors
TCP/IP

TCP/IP ATM STM

PHY

O/E O/E O/E Receive Direction Photonic Regime OPT. Demux

1, 2,.., N

ATM

Single-Mode Fiber

STM

Electronic Regime

DWDM RING - Example

Optical Transmission Problems

Attenuation
Light Absorption
Raleigh Scattering Bending Losses

Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Non-Linearity
Generation

of spurious harmonic and sum

frequencies
Unexpected

loss effects

Inherent

characteristic of electromagnetic energy passing through a physical medium

Effects
Scattering

Refractive Index Phenomena

Non Linearity Effects

Scattering

Phenomena

Stimulated Brillouin Backscattering

Stimulated Raman Scattering

Refractive

Index Phenomena

Self phase modulation Cross phase modulation

Four-wave mixing

Network Classification

Single-Hop Networks
Data stream travels from source to destination as a light stream No conversion at any of the intermediate nodes Types 1. Broadcast-And-Select Networks
Star topology with passive star coupler device Used in LAN/MAN

2. Wavelength Routed Networks

Wavelength selective switching sub-system a. Wavelength Path Switching

Dynamic signal switching from one path to another

b. Wavelength Conversion Reuse of same wavelength in different parts of the same network (different fibers)

Multi-Hop Networks
Small no of wavelength channels employed by the network

FIBER OPTICS - Basics

Journey through the Optical Tunnel

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Snells Law: n1*sin1 = n2*sin 2

Transmit-Receive Overview

Transmitter - fundamentals of emission

Source composition

Light Source comparison

Transmitter & Receiver Functions

Transmitter Simple Block Diagram

Transmitter Basic Specifications

Laser/ LED Drivers

LASER Temperature Compensation

Receiver Basic Specifications

Receiver Block Diagram

Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

DWDM

Standard support 1000 colors of light, only 160 colors supported today Key players - Ciena, Cerent (Cisco), Lucent, Marconi, Nortel, Siemens, Sycamore Supports PoS packet over Sonet to Wavelength Supports LAMBDA routing
Attenuation
1.0 dB/KM

0.3

Wavelength (mm) 1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

What is an Optical Wave?

An optical wave is a transponder-based service which provides unprotected, customized bandwidth primarily for data traffic and allows data carriers requiring low restoration rates to provide protection switching using their own equipment. Wave 1
Wave 1

Wave 2 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 3

Wave 4
Wave 4

Customized Bandwidth
OC-3/STM1
OC-12/STM4

OC-48 STM16
Delhi

OC-24/STM8

OC-N

Cal

Bombay

Nagpur X-Connect Chennai

Propagation mode

Single Mode Fiber

Multi Mode Fiber

Number of Modes: M = V2/2

Graded Index Fiber

Propagation in Graded Index Fiber

Number of Modes,

M = (a/(a+2))*(v2/2) where a is Profile parameter

Energy Distribution in SM Fiber

Attenuation in Optical Fiber

Power expressed in dbm

Its simple to relate to attenuation if Power is also expressed in terms of db.
So if mW is the reference: Where mW is the reference: Power in dbm = 10log10(P/mW) Power in dbm = 10log10(P/mW)

Dispersion BW Losses

Dispersions in MM & SM Fiber

Dispersion in Step Indexed Fiber

Graded Index Fiber less dispersion

Chromatic Dispersion

LED: Typical spectral width 75-125 nm

LASER: Typical spectral width 2-5 nm

Material Dispersion

Wave guide Dispersion

Polarization

Bending Losses