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2.4 I.D. 5
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For circular stack divide the cross section into equal parts by two right-angle diameters, locate half the traverse points symmetrically along each diameter.
Rectangular stacks
Equivalent diameter shall calculated first, De = 2 (L) (W) / L + W Determine the number of traverse points Determine the grid configuration
Number of Traverse points
9 12 16
Matrix Layout
3x3 4x3 4x4
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25 30 36
5x4
5x5 6x5 6x6
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7x6
7x7
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Divide the stack cross-section into as many equal rectangular elemental areas as traverse points, and then locate a traverse point at the centroid of each equal area
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Example showing circular stack cross section divided into 12 equal areas, with location of traverse points
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For stack having dia. > than 0.61 m , no traverse point shall be located within 2.5 cm of stack wall. For stack diameters < than 0.61 m , no traverse point shall be located within 1.3 cm of stack wall. If any traverse points falls within 2.5/1.3 cm of stack wall, relocate them away from stack wall. For elliptical stacks having unequal perpendicular diameter, separate traverse points shall be calculated along each diameter. Use same traverse points and locations for velocity and particulate measurements.
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Iso-kinetic sampling
Obtaining representative particulate sample Kinetic energy of gas stream in stack should be equal to kinetic energy of gas stream through the sampling nozzle If sampling velocity is greater than velocity in duct tube will suck extra particles, collecting higher percentage of smaller particles, the sampling will have a lower mass concentration If the sampling velocity is less than velocity in duct then tube will became pressurized and particles will want to be expelled from the tube. The particles more easily dispelled are small particles resulted into collection of larger particles ,PM has a higher mass conc.
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Carrying case
Thermocouple
Pitot tube
Pyrometer
Inter-connection tubings
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VVM1 - Specifications
i. Temperature range :- Ambient to 600o C ii. Velocity range :- 0 to 100 m/sec iii. Thermocouple sensor :- length= 0.6m with 2m long cable iv. Manometer :- With 0 1300 mm of H2O range v. Pitot Tube :- S type, 0.6m length with extension of 0.6m. vi. Inter-Connection tubings :- for inlet and outlet gas connections
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Digital pyrometer
Pitot tube
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Temperature Measurement
Thermocouple is connected with the Pyrometer Switch on the pyrometer to measure the Ambient temperature (Tm) Insert the thermocouple sensor into the stack through sampling port Allow the temperature to stabilize for atleast 10 minutes Record Stack temperature (Ts) from pyrometer Remove the thermocouple Hold the sensor by its handle, it is likely to be hot.
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Nozzles
Stainless steel (SS 304) with sharp tapered leading edges. Minimum recommended internal diameter is 7 mm. Select the nozzle size which provides meter sampling rate up to 30 LPM. Nozzle Sizes :Nozzle (inches) 1/2 3/8 1/4 1/8 Internal diameter (mm) 12.58 8.60 6.32 3.10 Area (m2) 12.4 x 10-5 5.8 x 10-5 3.1 x 10-5 7.5 x 10-6
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1 to 4 hours
8 hours 8 to 24 hours
0.5
0.2 0.1 to 0.2
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Rotameter Sampler
Hose pipes Filter holder Nozzle Probe
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Vacuum pump
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Stack gases
Manifold
Rotameter
Two sets of impingers, one set as gas sampling impingers and the other set as moisture absorption and estimation impingers, are used
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THANKS
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