BY:- PRADEEP KUMAR TANWAR

An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. Antenna which is connected to transmitter is called transmitting antenna. Antenna which is connected to receiver is called receiving antenna.

Panel antenna is always be a vertical in position. There are numbers of groups of long array antenna which is mounted on a panel antenna and all these antennas are connected to a port which has 7/8 size and of female coaxial type. Input impedance = 50

1.

According to frequency band.

Single band panel antenna Dual band panel antenna Triple band panel antenna

a) b) c)

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900 GSM 2100 GSM 800 CDMA 850 WCDMA (FOR 3G) LTE AND WIMAX (FOR 3G)

This band supports two different bands.

a)
b)

GSM 900+GSM 1800

GSM 900+CDMA 850 c) GSM 1800+CDMA 850 There can be any two combination of different bands in dual band panel antenna.

This supports three frequency band or three different frequencies. GSM 900+CDMA+WCDMA There can be any three combination of different bands in triple band panel antenna.

2). According to numbers of ports

a) b) c)

Single port antenna Dual port antenna Quad port antenna

It is always a single band antenna.

It never be a dual or triple band antenna.

7/8 female coaxial type

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It never be a dual or triple band antenna.

Both the port of antenna should be a single band antenna.

7/8 F 50

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In Quad port antenna there are four ports. Two different band frequency can be used. Two ports are used for only one type of band.

GSM 900

CDMA
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7/8 F 50 GSM 800

CDMA

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Gsm 800

cdma

wcdma Gsm 800 cdma wcdma

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3). According to Polarization

a) b) c)

Single Polarized antenna Dual Polarized antenna Cross Polarized antenna

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+45

-45

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An antenna that radiates or receives radio waves with a specific polarization.

+45

-45

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Its an antenna that can operate in vertical as well as horizontal

polarization.

45

45

45

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Single port antenna never be a cross polarized antenna. One port in dual port antenna is - 45 and other is +45 . This is most commonly used antenna.
-45 +45

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4). According to Beam width

45 b) 65 c) 75 d) 90 e) 120 f) 180 g) 360 Commonly we use 65 and 360 but in maximum case we use 65 beam width.
a)

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5). According to Direction of Radiation.

a) b) c)

Omni directional antenna Bi directional antenna Uni directional antenna

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An omnidirectional antenna is a class of antenna which radiates radio wave power uniformly in all directions in one plane. We use this In Building sites (IBS site).

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An antenna that radiates or receives most of its energy in only two directions. We use this type of antenna to cover highways or railways lines.

Radiation pattern of bidirectional antenna

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A unidirectional propagation antenna is an antenna that's propagation pattern is in one direction.

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Tilt means to make a slope either upward or downward.

TYPES
a)

Up tilt- can be given mechanically.

The mechanical tilt arrangement is installed at bottom of antenna.
Up tilt

a)

Down tilt- can be given mechanically,

the mech.tilt arrangement is installed at top of the antenna.

a)

Electric tilt- this is mainly for

downward tilt. This is from (0 to10)

down tilt

electric tilt

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KATHEREIN

ANDREW

1. It is the leader in manufacturing 1.It is on the second in the list. of antennas. 2. This belongs to Germany 3. Electrical tilt is Knob Type 4. Clamp size is 3 inch. 5. Antenna Port is at Bottom or at back center. 6. Two clamp are used.(Top and bottom) 7. Antenna color-cream 2. This belongs to USA 3. Electrical tilt is Hook Type. 4. Clamp size is upto 6 inch. 5. Antenna Port is at back center or at bottom. 6. Three clamp are used.(Top, bottom and back centre) 7. Antenna color-greenish grey
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1.
a) b) c)

ANTENNA HEIGHTIt can be measured from centre of antenna to the ground. It can be of different height. Same method for GBT and RTT.

Center of antenna

GBT

ground

RTT

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2. AZIMUTHwise direction.

The direction of antenna w.r.t north in clock

North

Sector I

Sector II
Sector III

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3. MECHANICAL TILT-Generally it will be Zero degree.

But can be changed according to plan.

Mechanical tilt arrangement

Separator

Mechanical tilt arrangement

Down tilt

Up tilt

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4. ELECTRICAL TILT-(0 to 10 ) normally it should be (2-4 ). Electrical tilt hook or knob is used.

Electric Knob

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5. ANTENNA TYPERF PLAN

S.No 1 2 3 4

There is numeric or alphanumeric code written on the antenna. We have to verify that code before installation of the antenna.

Particulars Antenna Height Azimuth Mechanical tilt Electrical tilt

S1 26m 20 0 3

S2 28m 180 0 2

S3 32m 270 0 4

Antenna Type
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RF CABLE:-It is basic type of cable used for carrying signals. TRANSMISSION LINE:-A transmission line is a cable
through which signals are send.

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1.

Equipment to Antenna:-The cable which is connected to the Equipment and antenna is called Antenna Line/RF Line/Feeder Line. Equipment to Equipment:-The cable which is connected to Equipment to Equipment is called IF Line/PCM Line.

2.

A N T E N N A

Feeder line MSC PCM line BTS

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1.

Co-axial cable.
a) b) Co-axial is a type of cable that has inner conductor surrounding by insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. Coaxial cable also provides protection of the signal from external electromagnetic interference.

c)

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1.

Co-axial cable.

Inner core

Outer core

Soft insulation

Outer insulation

Cross sectional view of coaxial cable

Inner core

Outer core Outer insulation

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Soft insulation

Co-axial cable. Properties of co-axial cable

1.

Inner core- pure copper Soft insulation- white color form type. Outer core- Tind copper mash kind shield. Outer insulation- black color hard insulation. Impedance- 75 (unbalanced type). Size- less than . Example- BNC,TNC,SMZ,SMB,RG-6

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2.

Cu RF Cable/Feeder cable.
a) b) c) Inner core is made up of pure copper. Size of inner core is large. Flexibility of this cable is good.

Inner core

Outer core

Soft insulation

Outer insulation
Cross sectional view of cu RF cable

Outer core
36 Soft insulation

2.

Cu RF Cable/Feeder cable.
Inner core- pure copper cylindrical tube (hollow type). Soft insulation- white color form type. Outer core- pure copper cylindrical tube. Outer insulation- black color hard insulation. Impedance- 50. Size of cable- 7/8 or 5/4. Example- CAT-5, Ribbon Cable

Properties of Cu RF cable

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2.

Cu RF Cable/Feeder cable.
The size of inner core is large and copper is used so current conduction is more on surface then its conductivity increase and resistivity decrease hence cost will decrease due to hollow type. To increase the flexibility we have the sinusoidal type of cable. This type of cable can regain its shape due to flexibility.

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3.

Al Feeder cable/RF cable.

The inner core is made up of copper filled with soft insulation.

Inner core Outer core Soft insulation

Outer insulation Soft insulation Outer core

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Soft insulation

3.

Al Feeder cable/RF cable.

Inner core- pure copper cylindrical tube (hollow type) but filled with soft insulation. Soft insulation- white color form type. Outer core- cylindrical tube made of Al with silver foil. Outer insulation- black color hard insulation. Impedance- 50. Size of cable- 7/8.

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4.

Leaky Cable
A leaky cable is a communications system used in tunnels and underground mining. It consists of a coaxial cable runs along the tunnel which emits and receives radio waves functioning as an antenna. This is also used for underground mobile communication in tunnels.

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1. 2. 3. 4.

Andrew- One of the largest manufacturer. Nokia Helix Amphenol

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