Artificial Intelligence (AI) Computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain Artificial

al intelligence systems The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence

 Intelligent behavior

Learn from experience Apply knowledge acquired from experience Handle complex situations Solve problems when important information is missing Determine what is important React quickly and correctly to a new situation Understand visual images Be creative and imaginative Use heuristics ()

Major Branches of AI
Perceptive system

A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels objects

Vision system

Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures

Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with high precision Stores knowledge and makes inferences

Robotics

Expert system

 Learning system

Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a natural language, such as English Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human brain

Natural language processing

Neural network

Artificial intelligence

Vision systems Robotics

Learning systems Expert systems

Neural networks Natural language processing

Artificial Intelligence
The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes

games playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms) natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages

Artificial Intelligence

neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli

Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion

Artificial Intelligence
In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To date, however, they have not lived up to expectations. Many expert systems help human experts in such fields as medicine and engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and are helpful only in special situations. Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural-language processing.

Programming Languages
1958 Lisp a functional programming language with a simple syntax. 1972 PROLOG - a logic programming language whose primary control structure is depth-first search 1988 CLOS (Common Lisp Object Standard)

 game playing
speech recognition understanding natural language Heavy Industries and Space Finance Aviation Weather Forecast Swarm Intelligence

Why AI?
AI is very important.. it's how the computer basically thinks. It's used in games and how the computer solves problems. AI is based on algorithms, events, time, procedures/steps, conditions. AI is a huge part on how a computer works.
AI can have two purposes. One is to use the power of computers to augment human thinking, just as we use motors to augment human or horse power. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that. The other is to use a computer's artificial intelligence to understand how humans think. In a humanoid way.

Robotics - Cog
1998 now Cog
Humanoid intelligence requires humanoid interactions with the world.

http://www.eecs.mit.edu/100th/images/Brooks-Cog-Kismet.html

Fresh Kitty
Modular, inexpensive, autonomous mobile robot 4 wheel toy car design Max. speed of 1 foot/sec On-board microcomputer supervises and supports the exchange of information Rotating turret holds 4 sonars Turret also holds an infrared sensor to detect infrared rays 32 light sensors detect objects in front of the robot Bumpers all around the robot used to follow walls Radio modem to communicate with remote agents

SPOT
Autonomous mobile robot 2 independent wheel design

Max. speed of 1 foot/sec

On-board microcontroller supervises and supports the exchange of information Turret that holds infrared emitters that can be detected at a distance of up to 20 feet Bumpers all around the robot used to follow walls Radio modem to communicate with remote agents

How do SPOT and Fresh Kitty work together?

SPOT also holds a small brush on its back SPOT finds a wall and uses its bumper system and

sensors to follow edges and collect dust with its brush Through radio frequency and infrared communication SPOT can bring the dust back to Fresh Kitty who has a vacuum cleaner waiting to suck it up

Robot

RoboCup is an international research effort to promote autonomous robots.

Robots must cooperate in

Strategy acquisition Real-time reasoning Multi-agent collaboration Competition against another

team of robots

RoboCup
Each robot has
Pentium 233MHz

Linux OS
Video camera and

frame grabber Sensor System Kicker

 Control is based on a set of behaviors Each behavior has a set of preconditions that either
Must be satisfied

Are desired

A behavior is selected when all of the musts become true A behavior is selected from several behaviors based on how many desired conditions are true

Difference Between Human and Robots ???

Humans Humans are Organic Robots Robots are made of metal

Human can think and have a soul.

Humans can eat A human can love, cry, get angry, and throw temper tantrums

Robots just do commands and obey to what Humans say.

Robots just get oiled up, and charged like a battery. A robot can't love, cry, get angry, and throw temper tantrums

Why build a human-like robot??

Our bodies are critical to the representations that we use for internal thought and language If a robot is looks like a human then it will be natural for humans to interact with it in a

human-like way To develop similar task constraints