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Is a set of equations containing two or more
unknowns having similar solution set.

Linear Systems
Is a set of linear equations containing two or
more unknowns having similar solution set.


Homework 1: Solve each of the given systems
and determine the number of solutions.

1. 2.


3. 4.


9 4 3 = + y x
10 8 7 = + z y x
0 8 5 2 = + y x
2 5 4 = + + z x x
3 8 2 5 = + + x y x

5x + 3y +2 = 0
6 2 6 = + z y x

7x + 3y = 7
0 3 7 4 2 = + z y x
10 = + z y x








1. Independent or consistent system
System of equations in two or more variables represented by curves
intersecting at a common point.
Have finite number of solutions represented by the points of
intersection of the curves.
2. Inconsistent system
System of equations in two or more variables represented by non-
intersecting curves.
System with no solution
3. Dependent system
System of equations in two or more variables represented by curves
coincident with one another.
System with infinite number of solutions.









Geometrically, the solution to the linear system leads to three
possibilities:
The system has a unique solution; that is, the two lines
intersect at exactly one point.
The system has no solution; that is, the lines do not intersect.
The system has infinitely many solutions; that is, the lines
coincide.



x
y
x
y
x
y









1. 2.


3. 4.


5.




8 y x =
15 z y 3 x 4 = + +
1 y x 2 = +
2 z 2 y x =
4 2 2 = + z y x
6 2 = + y x
9 y 6 x 8 + =
1 ) z y (
3
1
x = +
5 x 3 y =
1 ) 2 (
2
1
= x z y
10 y 2 x 6 =
2 ) y x 2 (
4
1
z =












Graphical Method of Solving a System of Linear Equations
The graphical method of solving a system of linear equations is a method
that determines the solution in terms of the common point(s) or the
point(s) of intersection among the graphs representing each of the
equations in the system.

The following are the basic steps to be followed:

1. Draw the graphs associated to the equations of the system.
2. Determine the common point or the point of intersection among the graphs.
3. Read the coordinates of the point giving the solution ( x , y ).





Find the solution to each of the given system by the graphical method.
1. 2.











1. S (3, 1) 2. S (1, 2)
9 y 3 x 2 = +
13 y 4 x 3 = +
X Y1 Y2
0 3 13/4
1 7/3 5/2
2 5/3 7/4
3 1 1
EQ1
EQ2
6
11
2
y
3
x
= +
4
3
3
y
4
x
=
EQ1
EQ2
X Y1 Y2
0 11/3 9/4
1 3 3
2 7/3 15/4
3 5/3 9/2
Analytical Methods
Elimination Of a Variable by Addition/Subtraction
This is an analytical method of solving a system of
equations that eliminates a variable addition/subtraction of
multiple equations.
Elimination Of a Variable by Substitution
This is an analytical method of solving a system of
equations that eliminates a variable by replacing one of the
variables in one of the equations by an equal expressions
obtained from the other equation.
3. An oil refinery produces low-sulfur and high sulfur fuel. Each
ton of low-sulfur fuel requires 5 minutes in the blending plant
and 4 minutes in the refining plant; each ton of high-sulfur
fuel requires 4 minutes in the blending plant and 2 minutes in
the refining plant. If the blending plant is available for 3
hours and the refining plant is available for 2 hours, how
many tons of each type of fuel should be manufactured so that
the plants are fully utilized?
4. A dietician is preparing a meal consisting of foods A, B, and
C. Each ounce of food A contains 2 units of protein, 3 units of
fat, and 4 units of carbohydrate. Each ounce of food B
contains 3 units of protein, 2 units of fat, and 1 unit of
carbohydrate. Each ounce of food C contains 3 units of
protein, 3 units of fat, and 2 units of carbohydrate. If the

meal must provide exactly 25 units of protein, 24 units of fat, and
21 units of carbohydrate, how many ounces of each type of food
should be used?
At the end of the lesson, the student should be
able to:
Define matrix
Identify different types of matrices.
Perform operations on matrices.
Define determinant of matrix.
Evaluate determinant of a square matrix.
Matrix is a rectangular array of elements
arranged in m rows and n columns, and is
enclosed by a pair of parenthesis ( ), braces [ ]
or brackets { }. The elements maybe
numbers, variables.
Matrix can be written in the general form:
(
(
(
(
(

= =
mn
a ...
m2
a
m1
a
... ... ... ...
2n
a ...
22
a
21
a
1n
a ...
12
a
11
a
)
ij
(a A
row column
Uppercase letter
Lower case letter
Listed elements
1. Column Vector or Column Matrix
(
(
(
(

=
0
8
4
3
A
is a matrix with only one column and m rows
(mx1).

2. Row Vector or Row Matrix
| | 6 4 0 2 A =
is a matrix with only one row and n columns
(1xn).

3. Square Matrix
(
(
(

=
4 2 2
3 0 3
0 1 2
A
is a matrix with equal number of rows and
columns.

4. Symmetric Matrix
(
(
(

=
4 2 3
2 0 1
3 1 2
A
is a matrix with a
ij
= a
ji
.

5. Diagonal Matrix
(
(
(

=
4 0 0
0 7 0
0 0 2
A
is a square matrix whose elements above and
below the main diagonal is zero.

6. Identity Matrix or Unit Matrix
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
A
is a diagonal matrix with all elements on the
main diagonal equal to 1.

7. Upper Triangular Matrix
(
(
(

=
8 0 0
3 2 0
2 3 6
A
is a matrix with all elements below the main
diagonal equal to 0.

8. Lower Triangular Matrix
(
(
(

=
8 3 4
0 2 7
0 0 6
A
is a matrix with all elements above the main
diagonal equal to 0.

9. Zero One Matrix
(
(
(

=
0 1 1
0 0
1 1
0
0
A
is a matrix consisting of zeros and ones only
as entries.

10. Transpose of a Matrix
(
(
(

=
0 1 1
0 0
1 1
0
0
A
The transpose of a matrix , denoted by A
T
, is
obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of the matrix.

(
(
(

=
0 0 0
1 0 1
1 0 1
T
A
A. Matrix Equality
ij b aij =
= B A
Two matrices of the same dimension (mxn)
are equal if and only if all elements of the first
matrix is equal to its respective element in the
second matrix
for all is and js
Find the values of a, b, c, and d so that
each of the given statements would be true:
a. b.








(

=
(

0 1
2
0 3 1
5 2 2
c
b a
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

2
7
2
1
2 4
4 7
2 0
0 1
b
d
a
c
=
B. Matrix Addition
ij b a c ij ij + =
+ = B A C
The sum of matrices of the same dimension
(mxn) is the sum of all elements of the same
position.
for all is and js
(

=
(

+ +
+
=
(

+
(

4 4
9 2
0 4 2 2
4 5 3 1
0 2
4 3
4 2
5 1
C. Scalar Multiplication
(

=
(

- = -
8 4
10 2
4 2
5 1
2
) ( ij a k A k
The scalar product of matrix is obtained by
multiplying a constant k to every element of
the matrix
for all is and js
Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
If A, B, C and O (zero matrix) are m x n matrices and c and d are scalar
numbers, then the following hold true.
1. A + B = B + A Commutative Property of Addition
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C Associative Property of Addition
3. cdA = c(dA) Associative Property of Scalar
Multiplication
4. IA = A Scalar Identity
5. c(A + B) = cA + cB Distributive Property
6. (c +d) A = cA + dA Distributive Property
7. A + O = A Identity Property of Addition
Note: The difference A B = A + (-B)
Vector Product
Multiplying a row vector (1 x n) by a column
vector (n x 1) results to a 1 x 1 matrix
| | | |
n n
n
n
b a b a b a b a
b
b
b
b
a a a a + + + + =
(
(
(
(
(
(

... ...
3 3 2 2 1 1
3
2
1
3 2 1

C. Matrix Multiplication
A vector product of matrices A and B can be
obtained if the number of columns of the
multiplicand is equal to the number of rows
of the multiplier
n k k m n m
B A C - =
C. Matrix Multiplication
The product of an m x k matrix A and a
k x n matrix B is an m x n matrix C whose
entry in the ith row and jth column is the
vector product of the ith row of A and the
jth column of B
n k k m n m
B A C - =
C. Matrix Multiplication
n k k m n m
B A C - =
| |
ij
c C =
= (ith row of A)(jth column of B)
C. Matrix Multiplication or Vector Product

=
=
p
k
kj ik ij
b a c
1
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

7 1 20
5 7 12
1 12 7
1 3 0
2 1 1
3 0 7
0 1 3
3 2 2
4 0 1
x
C. Matrix Multiplication or Vector Product

=
=
p
k
kj ik ij
b a c
1
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

7 1 20
5 7 12
1 12 7
1 3 0
2 1 1
3 0 7
0 1 3
3 2 2
4 0 1
x
C. Matrix Multiplication or Vector Product

=
=
p
k
kj ik ij
b a c
1
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

7 1 20
5 7 12
1 12 7
1 3 0
2 1 1
3 0 7
0 1 3
3 2 2
4 0 1
x
Example: Given
2 -3
3 0 -4
A = and B = 4 -1
-2 2 -1
1 5
(
(
(
(
(

(

Given the following matrices, perform
the indicated operations




a. A *B -2A b. B*A
T
+ 2( B)








(

=
(

=
9 7
8 3
5 2
3 1
B A
Example: Given
2 -3
3 0 -4
A = and B = 4 -1
-2 2 -1
1 5
(
(
(
(
(

(

Find the following:
1. AB
2. (2B)(3A)
) det(A A =
A scalar quantity associated with a square
matrix.



(

=
1 2
5 3
A
The determinant of an order 2 matrix (2 x 2 matrix) can be
obtained by taking the difference of the products of the
diagonal elements.
(

=
4 0
2 1
B
|A| = det(A) = 3*1 -2*5
|A| = -7
|B| = det(B) = -1*4 -0*2
|A| = -4
(

=
1 2
0 3
B
Evaluate the determinants of the following matrices:

1. 4.

2. 5.

3. 6.




(

=
0 3
1 2
A
(

=
4 1
3 2
C
(

=
1 8
2 4
D
(

=
2 1
5 3
E
(

=
1 2
5 10
F
For a 3x3 matrix, the determinant is:





33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
| |
a a a
a a a
a a a
A =
) ( ) ( ) ( | |
31 22 32 12 13 33 21 31 23 12 32 23 33 22 11
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A + + =
The determinant of an order 3 matrix (3 x 3 matrix) can be
obtained by doing the following steps:
1.Copy the first two columns of the given matrix as the 4
th

and 5
th
columns.
2.Multiply the downward diagonal elements of the
resulting matrix. Find the sum of these three products.
3.Multiply the upward diagonal elements of the matrix.
Find the sum of these three products.
4.Subtract the result of (2) by the result of (3). This is the
determinant.





(
(
(

=
2 2 1
1 0 3
2 1 2
A
Evaluate the following determinant:





2 1
0 3
1 2
|A| = det(A) = (2*0*-2+-1*1*1+2*3*2)
(1*0*2+2*1*2+-2*3*-1)
|A| = 1
The minor of a matrix m
ij
about an element a
ij
is a
submatrix of A where the i
th
row and j
th
column has
been removed.

The cofactor of a Matrix about the element a
ij
is the
determinant of the minor m
ij

preceded by
(negative) if (i+j) is odd.







For any square matrix of order n>=3, the determinant can be
evaluated using:

a) Co-factor Expansion about a column:
for all i, for a given j


b) Co-factor Expansion about a row:
for all j, for a given i ,

where: a
ij
is the element in the ith-jth position
A
ij
is the cofactor of a
ij
.

=
=
m
i
ij ij
A a A
1
| |

=
=
n
j
ij ij
A a A
1
| |
(
(
(

=
2 2 1
1 0 3
2 1 2
A
Evaluate the following determinant:





Column a
ij
m
ij
Sign Aij a
ij
*A
ij
1 3
-

-(-2) 6
2 0
+
+(-4) 0
3 1
-
-(5) -5
TOTAL 1
Selecting row 2
(

2 1
2 2
(

2 2
2 1
(

2 1
1 2
(
(
(

=
1 1 0
3 2 2
1 1 1
B
Evaluate the determinants of each of the following
matrices, using both methods

1. 3.


2. 4.






(
(
(

=
2 0 4
1 2 1
2 1 1
A
(
(
(

=
1 1 1
4 2 2
3 0 1
D
(
(
(

=
4 1 4
1 2 3
0 3 1
F