ME 1303 GAS DYNAMICS

AND JET PROPULSION

Presented by




G.Kumaresan




Flow Regime Classification
Subsonic Flow
0.8 < M

Transonic Flow
0.8 > M

> 1.2
Supersonic Flow
M

> 1.2
Hypersonic Flow
M

> 5

p
RT a RT RT T
p
c h
cons h c h
= =

= =
= = +
and
2
but
1
0
2
2
1
---------- (1)





Cont..
0
1
2
0 2
max
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
0
0
cons
0
a a 0, c At ;
2
max
2
1
0
cons
max
and 0 , 0 At
;
2
2
1
1
2
1 1
2
h
a
c C
a
a
h
c h
c c h T
cons C
a
p a
h
=

= = +

= =
= = = =
= = =
= +

---------- (2), using 1&2

;Therefore from (1)
---------- (3)
Therefore from (3)
---------- (4); combining all

Problem-1


Example 1.
The jet of a gas at 593 K ( = 1.3 R = 469 J/kg K) has a Mach
number of 1.2. Determine the local and stagnation conditions
velocity of sound and enthalpy.
What is the Maximum attainable velocity of this jet ?
Solution
GIVEN:
T = 593 K, = 1.3, R = 469 J / kg K, M = 1.2

For isentropic flow = 1.3, M = 1.2
T / T
o
= 0.822 ; P / P
o
= 0.428



a = 601.29 m / s Ans



Cont..






T / T
o
= 0.822 T
o
= 593 / 0.822 = 721.41 K

= 663.21 m / s
Ans

Now C
*
= a
*
&












= 618.44 m / s
Ans



C
max
= 1712.39 m / s Ans

Cont..



1
=

R
p
C







= ( 1.3 x 469) / 0.3 = 2032.333 Ans











h
o
= c
p
T
o
= 3032.333 x 721.4112
= 1466.148 kJ / kg Ans

h = c
p
T = 2023.333 x 593
= 1205.174 kJ / kg Ans

SONIC VELOCITY




















General

A disturbance at a given point creates a region of compressed
molecules that is passed along to its neighboring molecules and
in so doing creates a traveling wave.

Waves are measured by the amplitude of the disturbance.

The speed at which this disturbance is propagated through the
medium is called the wave speed.

Wave speed = f ( type of medium, thermodynamic state &
strength of the wave)

The stronger the wave is, the faster it moves.



Cont..





















Waves of large amplitude, which involve relatively large changes
in pressure and density Shock waves

Waves of very small amplitude, their speed is characteristic only
of the medium and its state- Sound waves

The presence of an object in a medium can only be felt by the
objects sending out or reflecting infinitesimal waves which
propagate at the characteristic sonic velocity.

For a compressible flow, the speed of propagation of small
disturbances, called the sonic velocity (acoustic speed).

The ratio of the flow velocity to the sonic velocity Mach
number




Propagation of Sound waves












Piston
dV
p+dp
+d
a
V= 0
P


wave front
Tube
p+dp
P
observer at rest Unsteady flow pattern
Pressure plot

Cont..




















x
y
Moving observer Steady flow pattern
In this case the stagnant gas at pressure p on the left
appears to flow towards the right with a velocity a.

The wave can be considered as a stationary wave contained
within a control surface through which flow occurs from left
to right.
Writing continuity and momentum equation for the control volume

Continuity

For steady 1D flow, m = AV = cons. ; but A = cons.
V = cons. ; now for c.v

a = (+d) (a-dV)
expanding, then neglecting the higher-order and solving for dV

dV =

d a

Cont..




















.
Momentum
Shear stress effect may be neglected because of infinitesimal
thickness of C.V
The x-component momentum equation is
(1)
ME 1303 GAS DYNAMICS

AND JET PROPULSION
Presented by




G.Kumaresan
d
dP
a =
2

Cont..















x x x
in
V
out
V m
F
=

PA ( P+dP ) A = Aa [ (a-dV) - a ] A dP = Aa dV

Cancelling the area and solving for dV, we have

dV = dP/ a (2)

By combining eqn. (1) & (2)


(3)
Eqn. 3 shows that in compressible fluids in which there is a large
density change for a given pressure change the acoustic speed is
much lower compared to incompressible fluids.

d
dp
RT
d
dp P
d
dp
P = = =
T R
p K
a

= = =

Cont..






















Eqn. 3 further simplified to



Where, K Bulk modulus of elasticity

d
dp
d
dp
dv
dp
v
volume in change relative
pressure in increase
K =
|
.
|

\
|

= = =
2
1


w.k.t adiabatic bulk modulus,
p K =
(a)
( b)
comparing (a) & (b)

Cont..





















Speed of sound in different medium


Liquids Solids

where,
B- bulk modulus
E- youngs modulus

Cont..





















Conclusion:

In a given fluid, a is higher at higher temperatures
Fluids with higher values of the K have higher a
a at a given temperature is higher for lower molecular weight of
gases vice versa
From the above it suggest that M plays an important role in the
design and working of machines using higher molecular weight
fluids.




a
C
M
2
2
2
2

2
;
2 2


2
= = =
= = = =
a
C
a
C
a K
K
C
KA
AC
force elastic
force inertia
M

MACH NUMBER

























RT
V
a
V
energy kinectic random
energy kinectic directed
M

2
2
2


2
= = =
V or C velocity of the medium ; a sonic velocity through the medium

Problem 2




















The temperature, pressure and Mach number at the entry of a
flow passage are 300 K, 3 bar and 1.4 respectively. If the exit
Mach number is 3 determine for adiabatic flow of a perfect gas (
= 1.4, R=287 J/kg K):
(i) stagnation temperature (ii) temperature and velocity
of gas at exit, and (iii) the flow rate per square metre of the inlet
cross-section.

Solution:
For adiabatic flow

0 02 01
T T T = =
1
392 . 1
01
392 . 1
2
) 4 . 1 (
2
1 4 . 1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
01
T T M
T
T
= =

+ =

+ =

3
/ 484 . 3
300 287
5
10 3
1
1
1
; 6 . 417 300 392 . 1
01
m kg
RT
p
K T =

= = = =
Ans

Cont..





















2
m - kg/s 45 . 1693 06 . 486 484 . 3
1 1
1
.
m

1 1 1
.
/ 06 . 486 300 287 4 . 1 4 . 1
1
4 . 1
1 1 1
= = = =
= = = =
C
A
C A m
s m T R a M C

s m a M C
K
T T
T T
M
T
T
/ 4 . 734 14 . 149 287 4 . 1 3
2 2 2
14 . 149 300
8 . 2
392 . 1
2
T
01 1
02 2
1
T
2
T
8 . 2
2
) 3 (
2
1 4 . 1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
02
= = =
= = =
=

+ =

+ =

Ans
Ans
Ans

Wave Propagation
Q. An airplane is traveling while you are observing from the
ground. How will you know whether it is subsonic or
supersonic?
Point disturbance is at rest Moving disturbance
M = 0 ( M = u/a = 0.5)
Always stays inside the family of circular
sound waves
Wave fronts from Sonic disturbance
All the wave fronts coalesce on the left side and move along
with the disturbance.
No region upstream is forewarned of the disturbance as the
disturbance arrives at the same time as the wave front.
Zone of
Silence
Zone of action


Wave fronts from Supersonic disturbance




















The wave fronts have coalesced to form a cone with the
disturbance at the apex.
The half angle at the apex is called Mach angle ( )
Always stays outside the family of
circular sound waves
Disturbance Propagation
In Subsonic flow, both
Raj and Lisa can hear
Joy talking, since sound
waves travel from Joys
mouth in all directions.

In Supersonic flow,
sound waves (and other
disturbances in the flow)
travel only in the
downstream direction;
thus, while Lisa can hear
Joy talking, Raj cant.
Disturbances can not
travel upstream in a
supersonic flow

Problem 3
A needle nose projectile traveling at a speed of M=3 passes 200m
above an observer. Find the projectiles velocity and determine
how far beyond the observer the projectile will first be heard?


200 m
M=3
x
o
M
s m a M V
s m
T R a
5 . 19
3
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
/ 6 . 1041 ) 2 . 347 ( 3
/ 2 . 347
) 300 )( 287 ( 4 . 1

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= = =
=
=
=
o

m x
x
565
200
tan = = o