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Telecommunications and Networks

Trends in Telecommunications

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Industry

competitive More options for the firm Technology Unrestricted connectivity Easy access for end users Open systems Use common standards for hardware, software, applications, & networking.

More

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Technology

(continued) High degree of interoperability Digital networks Higher transmission speeds Moves larger amounts of information Greater economy Lower error rates Multiple types of communications on the same circuits

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Technology

(continued) Fiber-optic lines & cellular, PCS, satellite & other wireless technologies Faster transmission speeds

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Business

applications Dramatic increase in the number of feasible telecommunication applications. Cut costs, reduce lead times, shorten response times, support e-commerce, improve collaboration, share resources, lock in customers & suppliers, & develop new products & services

Business Value of Telecommunications Networks

The Internet
A

network of networks Popular uses E-mail Instant messaging Browsing the World Wide Web Newsgroups and chat rooms

The Internet (continued)

The

business value of the Internet

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Intranets
Within

an organization Uses Internet technologies Business value of Intranets Used for information sharing, communication, collaboration, & support of business processes. Web publishing Comparatively easy, attractive, & lower cost alternative for publishing & accessing multimedia business information

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Intranets (continued)

Business

Operations & Management Used for developing & deploying critical business applications Supports operations and managerial decision making

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Extranets
Network

links that use Internet technologies to interconnect the firms intranet with the intranets of customers, suppliers, or other business partners Consultants, subcontractors, business prospects, & others

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Extranets (continued)

Business

value Improve communication with customers and business partners Gain competitive advantage in Product development Cost savings Marketing Distribution Leveraging their partnerships

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Telecommunications Network Alternatives

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A Telecommunications Network Model

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A Telecommunications Network Model (continued)

Consists

of five basic components Terminals Any input/output device that uses telecommunication networks to transmit or receive data Telecommunication processors Support data transmission and reception between terminals and computers

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A Telecommunications Network Model (continued)

Telecommunications

channels The medium over which data are transmitted and received Computers Interconnected by telecommunications networks Telecommunications control software Control telecommunications activities & manage the functions of telecommunications networks

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

Wide

Area Networks (WAN) Cover a large geographic area. Area Networks (LAN) Connect computers & other information processing devices within a limited physical area. Connected via ordinary telephone wiring, coaxial cable, or wireless radio & infrared systems

Local

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

Virtual

Private Networks A secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network, but relies on fire walls and other security features

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

Client/Server

Networks Clients end user PCs or NCs Server helps with application processing and also manages the network

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

Network

computing the network is the computer Thin clients process small application programs called applets.

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A Telecommunications Network Model (continued)

Peer-to-Peer

(P2P) Two major models Central server architecture Pure peer-to-peer

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Telecommunications Media
Twisted-pair

wire Coaxial cable Minimizes interference and distortion Allows high-speed data transmission Fiber optics Glass fiber that conducts pulses of light generated by lasers Size and weight reduction Increased speed and carrying capacity

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Telecommunications Media (continued)

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Wireless Technologies
Terrestrial

Microwave Line-of-sight path between relay stations spaced approximately 30 miles apart.

Communications

Satellites Geosynchronous orbits Serve as relay stations for communications signals transmitted from earth stations

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Wireless Technologies (continued)

Cellular

& PCS Systems Each cell is typically from one to several square miles in area. Each cell has its own low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna. Computers & other communications processors coordinate & control the transmissions to/from mobile users as they move from one cell to another

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Wireless Technologies (continued)

Wireless

LANs Spread spectrum Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)

Wireless

Web Uses Web-enabled information appliances Very thin clients

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Telecommunications Processors
Modems

(modulation/demodulation) Changes signals from analog to digital and back to analog

Multiplexers
Allows

a single communication channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals

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Telecommunications Processors (continued)

Internetwork Switches

Processors

connections between telecomm circuits so a message can reach its intended destination Router Interconnects networks based on different rules or protocols

Makes

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Telecommunications Processors (continued)

Hub Port

switching communications processor

Gateway

processor that interconnects networks that use different communications architecture

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Telecommunications Software

Provides

a variety of communications support services including connecting & disconnecting communications links & establishing communications parameters such as transmission speed, mode, and direction.

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Telecommunications Software (continued)

Network

Management Traffic management Security Network monitoring Capacity planning

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Network Topologies
Star Ties

end user computers to a central computer Considered the least reliable

Ring

(sometimes called Token Ring) Ties local computer processors together in a ring on a more equal basis. Considered more reliable & less costly

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Network Topologies (continued)

Bus Local

processors share the same bus, or communications channel Tree is a variation which ties several bus networks together

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Network Topologies (continued)

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Network Architectures & Protocols

Protocols

standard set of rules & procedures for the control of communications in a network Standards for the physical characteristics of cables and connectors Network Architecture Goal is to promote an open, simple, flexible, efficient telecommunications environment

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Network Architectures and Protocols (continued)

OSI

Model

TCP/IP Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol Used by the Internet and all intranets and extranets

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Bandwidth Alternatives
Bandwidth

is the frequency range of a telecommunications network Determines the channels maximum transmission rate Measured in bits per second (bps) or baud Narrow-band Low-speed transmission Broadband High-speed transmission

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Switching Alternatives
Circuit

switching switching

Packet

Cell

switching