SISTEM SARAF PUSAT

SITI SALWA BINTI MAIL 880215-01-5970 PISMP PJ ( 2 )/ 2008 UNTUK PERHATIAN : EN CHE ISHAK ISMAIL

Central Nervous System

Consists of Brain Located in cranial vault of skull Spinal cord Located in vertebral canal Brain and spinal cord Continuous with each
other at foramen magnum

 Components Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors Responsible for Sensory perceptions, mental activities, stimulating muscle movements, secretions of many glands Subdivisions Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

THE BRAIN

VENTRICLES
Ventricles continuous with the another one and with the central canal of the spinal cord The hollow ventricular chambers are filled with cerebrospinal fluid an d lined by ependymal cells, a type of neuroglia The paired lateral ventricles, are large c-shaped chambers that reflect the pattern of cerebral growth.

The lateral ventricles lie close together, separated only by a thin median membrane called the septum pellucidum
Each lateral ventricles communicates with the narrow third ventricles via a channel called an interventricular foramen. The third ventricles is continuous with fourth ventricles via the canal like cerebral aqueduct .

 the cerebral hemispheres form the superior part of the brain. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges of tissue called gyri, seperated by shallow grooves called sulci Deeper groves called fissures, separate large regions of the brains Several sulci divide each hemisphere into five lobes, Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula

The central sulcus which is lies in the frontal plane, separates the frontal lobes from the parietal lobe. Bordering the central sulcus are the precentral gyrus anteriorly and the postcentral gyrus posteriorly. Each cerebral hemisphere has three basic regions: a superficial cortex of gray matter, which looks gray in the fresh brain tissue, an internal white matter; and the basal nuclei, island of gray matter situated deep within the white matter.

Cerebral hemisphere

CEREBRAL CORTEX

-Contains three kinds of functional areas : motor areas, sensory areas and association areas -MOTOR AREAS - control voluntary movement, lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes: -Primary( somatic ) motor cortex -Premotor cortex -Brocas area -Frontal eyes field

SENSORY AREAS areas concerned with conscious awareness of sensation, the sensory of the cortex, occur in the parietal, insular, temporal and occipital. Primary somatosensory cortex Somasensory cortex Auditory areas Olfactory ( smell) cortex Gustatory ( taste )cortex Visceral sensory cortex Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

Multimodal Association areas

-Multimodal association areas is more complexly connected, receiving inputs from multiple senses and sending outputs to multiple areas. -Anterior association area -Posterior asscociation area -Limbic association area

DIENCEPHALON
-Forming the Central core of the forebrain and surrounded by cerebral hemispheres. -Consist largely of three paired structures: -The thalamus -Hypothalamus -Epithalamus Thalamus Consist of bilateral egg-shaped nuclei, which form the superolateral walss of the third ventricles The nuclei are connected at the midline by an interthalamic adhesion ( intermediate mass) the thalamus are contains a large number of nuclei, most named according to their relative location. Each nuclei has a functional specialty and each projects fibers to and receives.

Hypothalamus 1.- The hypothalamus caps the brain stem and forms the inferolateral walss of the third ventricles 2.Contains many functionally important nuclei. The main visceral control center of the body an is vitally important to overall body homeotasis 2.1 autonomic control center 2.2 center for emotional response 2.3 body temperature regulation 2.4 regulation of food intake 2.4 regulation of water balance and thirst 2.5 regulation sleep-wake cycles 2.6 control endocrine system functioning 3.Hypothalamus Controls Temperature The hypothalamus is like your brain's inner thermostat (that little box on the wall that controls the heat in your house). The hypothalamus knows what temperature your body should be (about 98.6 Fahrenheit or 37 Celsius). If your body is too hot, t he hypothalamus tells it to sweat. If you're too cold, the hypothalamus gets you shivering. Both shivering and sweating are attempts to get your body's temperature back where it needs to be.

BRAIN STEM
-The brains stem regions are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata -Brain stem centers produce the rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for survival -Positioned between the cerebrum and the spinal cord.

MID BRAIN
-The midbrain (mesencephalon) occupies only a small region in humans (it is relatively much larger in "lower" vertebrates). We shall look at only three features: the reticular formation: collects input from higher brain centers and passes it on to motor neurons. -the substantia nigra: helps "smooth" out body movements; damage to the substantia nigra causes Parkinson's disease. - the ventral tegmental area (VTA): packed with dopaminereleasing neurons that = are activated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and = whose projections synapse deep within the forebrain. - The VTA seems to be involved in pleasure: nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine bind to and activate its dopamine-releasing neurons and this may account at least in part for their addictive qualities.

Pons
The pons seems to serve as a relay station carrying signals from various parts of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. Nerve impulses coming from the eyes, ears, and touch receptors are sent on the cerebellum. The pons also participates in the reflexes that regulate breathing. The reticular formation is a region running through the middle of the hindbrain (and on into the midbrain). It receives sensory input (e.g., sound) from higher in the brain and passes these back up to the thalamus. The reticular formation is involved in sleep, arousal (and vomiting).

Medulla oblongata
The medulla looks like a swollen tip to the spinal cord. Nerve impulses arising here rhythmically stimulate the intercostal muscles and diaphragm making breathing possible regulate heartbeat regulate the diameter of arterioles thus adjusting blood flow.

SPINAL CORD

 Extends from foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebra

Segmented -Cervical -Thoracic -Lumbar -Sacral Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves Not uniform in diameter throughout length

Meninges
Connective tissue membranes surrounding spinal cord and brain Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Spaces Epidural: Anesthesia injected Subdural: Serous fluid Subarachnoid: CSF

Cross Section of Spinal Cord

Cross Section of Spinal Cord

White matter Myelinated axons forming nerve tracts Fissure and sulcus Three columns or funiculi Ventral Dorsal Lateral Gray matter Neuron cell cell bodies, dendrites, axons Horns Three columns or funiculi Ventral Dorsal Lateral Posterior (dorsal) Anterior (ventral) Lateral Commissures Gray: Central canal White

Cells of Nervous System

Neurons or nerve cells Receive stimuli and transmit action potentials Organization Cell body or soma Dendrites: Input Axons: Output

Neuroglia or glial cells Support and protect neurons

TYPES OF NEURONS

Functional classification Sensory or afferent: Action potentials toward CNS Motor or efferent: Action potentials away from CNS Interneurons or association neurons: Within CNS from one neuron to another Structural classification Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

NEUROGLIA OF CNS

Astrocytes Regulate extracellular brain fluid composition Promote tight junctions to form blood-brain barrier Ependymal Cells Line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal Help form choroid plexuses that secrete CSF

NEUROGLIA OF CNS

Microglia Specialized macrophages Oligodendrocytes Form myelin sheaths if surround axon

NEUROGLIA OF PNS

Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes Wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheath Satellite cells Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, provide support and nutrients

 Myelinated axons Myelin protects and insulates axons from one another Not continuous Nodes of Ranvier Unmyelinated axons
Myelinated and Unmyelinated Axons

Electrical Signals
Electrical Signals Cells produce electrical signals called action potentials Transfer of information from one part of body to another Electrical properties result from ionic concentration differences across plasma membrane and permeability of membrane

THE SYNAPSE

Junction between two cells Site where action potentials in one cell cause action potentials in another cell Types Presynaptic Postsynaptic

Chemical Synapses

Neurotransmitter Removal

Organization of neurons in CNS varies Convergent pathways: Many converge and synapse with smaller number of neurons Divergent pathways: Small number of presynaptic neurons synapse with large number of postsynaptic neurons Oscillating circuits: Arranged in circular fashion to allow action potentials to cause a neuron farther along circuit to produce an action potential more than once