CHAPTER 20

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

MEIOSIS

____ chromosomes before meiosis 2 divisions End result: _____ chromosomes

Called _______

Gametes

SPERMATOGENESIS

Definition: Location: Begins: FSH: initiates ___________ LH: stimultates testosterone secretion, which promotes _________________ Spermatozoa: 23 chromosomes

SPERM CELLS

Head Nucleus Acrosome Middle piece Centrioles Mitochondria Flagellum Motility

TESTES
Location Temperature Function: Sperm production! Seminiferous tubules

Function:

Epididymis

TESTES
Specialized cells: Sustentacular cells Location: Function: Interstitial cells Leydig cells Location: Function:

EPIDIDYMIS

Location 20 feet long Complete maturation of sperm Sperm storage!

DUCTUS DEFERENS
Vas deferens Location Extends from epididymis to abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal

EJACULATORY DUCTS & SEMINAL VESICLE

Location

Function
2 ejaculatory ducts

PROSTATE GLAND

Location
Function Secretions help with sperm motility!

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
Location
Function

URETHRA
Location Function Erectile Tissue:

Corpus

cavernosum Corpus spongiosum Cavernous urethra

Glans penis Prepuce

SEMEN
Function Average ph Amount 100 million sperm cells /1 ml

HORMONES OF MALE REPRODUCTION

FSH LH Testosterone

Inhibin

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM REVIEW

Pathway of sperm: Glands that contribute fluids to semen: Erectile tissue of the penis:

Question
Why are the testes outside the abdominal cavity?

Answer
A temperature of about 96F is necessary for the production of viable sperm.

OOGENESIS

Definition: Location: Begins: Ends: One mature ovum is produced approximately every 28 days Ovum: 23 chromosomes

FALLOPIAN TUBES

Location Function Contains cilia Fertilization takes place here

OVARIES

Location Primary follicles

Primary oocyte Follicle cells: estrogen

Graafian follicle Atretic follicle Corpus luteum

Progesterone Estrogen & progesterone

Hormones released:

HORMONES

FSH: stimulates
1. 2.

Estrogen: stimulates:
1. 2. 3.

LH: Function:
1. 2.

UTERUS

Location Function Fundus Body Cervix Myometrium Endometrium

VAGINA

Location Function Perineum Hymen Ph Rugae

EXTERNAL GENITALS

Vulva Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora Bartholins glands

MAMMARY GLANDS
Location Alveolar glands

Produce:

Lacteriferous ducts
Function:

Areola Prolactin vs. Oxytocin

Question
During pregnancy, what hormones prepare the mammary glands for lactation?

Answer
estrogen and progesterone from the placenta

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
3
o

phases
Phase 1. Menstrual phase:
Loss of the functional layer of the endometrium Lasts 2-8 days FSH increasing

Ovarian follicles begin to develop

Phase 2: Follicular/Proliferative phase:

FSH stimulates: 1. growth of __________ 2. secretion of ______ by follicles Estrogen stimulates: 1. AP to secrete LH: causes follicle maturation 1. growth of blood vessels in the __________

This phase ends with ovulation, with a surge/drop in LH which ruptures the mature ovarian follicle.

Phase 3: Luteal/Secretory phase:

Ruptured follicle: becomes ___________ secretes __________& ____________. If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum ceases to function secretion of progesterone & estrogen ___________ endometrium cannot be maintained: begins to slough off.

Question
What gland secretes FSH and LH?

Answer
the anterior pituitary gland

AGING AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Women Menopause Age Side effects/complications. Men continue to have reproductive capability throughout life. Prostate issues Andropause

CHAPTER 21

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & GENETICS

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Capacitation Acrosome Fertilization Zygote Only one sperm

Diploid # of chromosomes

23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES
22

pairs autosomes

Also

called homologous chromosomes means they are maternal and paternal with genes for the same traits.
1

pair sex chromosomes

The

sex chromosomes are X and Y. Males have XY Females have XX.

IMPLANTATION

Cleavage Morula Blastocyst

Trophoblast

EMBRYO AND EMBRYONIC MEMBRANE

Embryo Embryonic disc: 3 layers Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

EMBRYO AND EMBRYONIC MEMBRANE

Yolk sac: Amnion

amniotic fluid: cushion will become the fetal portion of the placenta.

Chorion develops projections called chorionic villi

FETUS

PLACENTA & UMBILICAL CORD

Placenta:

both

fetal and maternal tissue

Umbilical

cord: Two arteries One vein

.

Amniotic

fluid surrounds the fetus

PLACENTA & UMBILICAL CORD

Sinuses: Irregular vessels Contain maternal blood No direct connection to fetal blood Functions of placenta: 1. Exchange: 2. Hormones:

A. B. C.

3 STAGES OF LABOR

First stage:
1.
2.

Second stage:
1.

Third stage:
1. 2.

CHANGES IN THE INFANT.

Liver
Not

fully mature, may be unable to excrete bilirubin efficiently

Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus Ductus venosus

CHROMOSOMES

23 pairs of chromosomes
One

from the mother, one from the father Compact mass of DNA & protein

GENES
DNA

code for ONE protein 20, 000 to 25,000 genes in our chromosomes Each of us has 2 genes for one protein or trait Genes are segments of a DNA molecule

ALLELES

Each gene pair has 2 possibilities, or alleles for each protein or trait Alleles may be dominant or recessive Alleles may be the same or may be different Homozygous Heterozygous

GENOTYPE & PHENOTYPE

Genotype: actual genetic makeup Phenotype: how the genes are expressed

INHERITANCE: DOMINANT-RECESSIVE

Example: Eye color Each child of these parents has a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having blue eyes, and a 75% chance (3 in 4) of having brown eyes.

INHERITANCE: DOMINANT-RECESSIVE

Example: sickle cell trait

If both parents have sickle-cell trait, each child will have a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having sickle-cell anemia. A child has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having sicklecell trait, and a 25% chance (1 in 4) of not having any gene for sickle

INHERITANCE: MULTIPLE ALLELES

Example:

ABO blood types

possible alleles; a person will only have two A child of these parents has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type A blood, and a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type B blood.

INHERITANCE: SEX-LINKED TRAITS

Example: red-green color blindness Chromosome 23: XY (male) or XX (female) Y is small (short) and only has about 20 genes Male: if has gene for sexlinked trait, nothing to mask it so it will be expressed Female: if has gene for sex-linked trait (recessive) on one X but not on the other, she will not express the trait but will be a

Figure 21-10 Inheritance of red-green color blindness (sex-linked pattern). See text for description.

REVIEW..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOvMNO MRRm8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5raJePXu0 OQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJzZ7p47P8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHWJqzlHl 3w