Emotions

By Achando Dianna Janet

OBJECTIVES
Definition of emotions Development of emotions and their manifestation Theories of emotions Types of emotions Biological significance of emotions Structures involved in emotions

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definition
Is a sensation caused by ones opinion about a person, situation or thing. This feeling is manifest physiologically Emotions are influenced by
mood Temperament Personality hormones neurotransmitters
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Development of emotions
When one is born, they experience changes in mental states due to change in environment. The ability to express exactly how the change makes them feel is limited but grows with age as the ability to speak and show distinct facial expressions in attained. This is due to maturity of endocrine glands and the nervous system. For instance, when a baby is hungry, cold and or afraid, they cry. All their displeasure is expressed as a cry. As Proudly Kenyan they develop, they learn to show distinct facial

Ontogenesis of emotions

Newborn

Toddler
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Teenager

Theories of emotion
A. Physiological
This theory states that emotions are as a result of a change in homeostatic balance and the bodies response to them

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Theories of emotion
B. Cognitive This suggests that activity in the brain, especially the cortex, give rise to emotion. For example, remembering a sad moment may lead to sorrow

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Theories of emotion
C. Neurological
All emotions are dues to the different interactions of subcortical areas with each other. E.g the sensation of vomiting whish is controlled by the medulla oblongata may lead to one being irritable

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James Lange vs. cannon bard

James Lange Cannon Bard

Emotions are as a result of physiological stimuli i.e cerebral cortex is influenced by the subcortical areas

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Emotions cause physiological manifestation i.e cerebral cortex influences subcortical areas causing physiological manifestation of the feelings

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Classification of emotions
Can be widely grouped into 2
a) Positive b) Negative are either sthenic (aggression) that stimulate human activity, or asthenia (horror, sadness, depression) that inhibit behaviour. The law of duality Both positive and negative emotions cannot be felt at the same instant. They can be felt immediately after each other but not together. The stem of all negative emotions is hurt/ pain TheProudly lawKenyan of polarity Emotions exist due to the presence of the opposite emotion. When we think of something, it is only either good

Types of emotion
Fear Love Surprise Grief Anger anxiety trust
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Biological importance
Aid in creation of conditioned reflexes Stimulate mobilization of needs

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Biological importance
Develop conditioned reflexes Act as motivation i.e when they are in the memory, they motivate one to seek them again as they were pleasurable

Activate parasympathetic nervous system

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Anatomical structures involved in emotions

Pathway Thalamus Amagdyla Brain cortex, Hypothalamus

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Hormones and neurotransmitter effects on emotions

Oxytocin Cortisol increase in stress and alertness decrease in pain sensitivity Dopamine plesure and motivation increase decrease in sadness
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increase in trust and attachment drop in fear Vasopressin Increase in sexual arousal and attraction Serotonin

increase in obsessive thinking and aggression

Hormones released by the brain and emotions

Catecholamine's(dopamine,adrenaline, noradrenaline) - positive emotions acetylcholine - negative emotions serotonin - inhibitor of both negative and positive emotions

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Lie detectors/ polygraph

Lie detectors work by establishing the level of anxiety or fear when one is saying a statement. A well trained mind may not show these emotions when lying, rendering the lie detector useless in this case
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love
Nucleus accumbens partner prefrence Ventral palldum- attachment Ventral tegmental area reward area Raphe nucleus sense of calm

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fear
Physiological manifestation as a result of one feeling threatened or unsecure

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PNs and emotions

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Damage to the amagdyla and fear

Damage to the amagdyla bodies can leas to:
Not being able to process fear, i.e, the person does not get scared Not being able to note fear in other people but have the ability to experience fear themselves

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