Perils Threatening Income-Earning Ability

Death Disability Superannuation Unemployment

10-1

Risks Arising From Uncertainty of Time of Death

The individual faces two risks that arise from uncertainty concerning time of death: 1. Premature death (death while others remain dependent on individuals income) 2. Superannuation (the risk of retiring without adequate assets to cover living expenses during retirement)

10-2

Death and Superannuation

The risks of death and superannuation are mutually exclusive and complementary events: 1. If individual dies prematurely, he or she will have no need for retirement funds. 2. If individual lives until retirement, provision for premature death will not be used.

10-3

Objectives in Managing Personal Risks

1.

To avoid deprivation of the individual and those dependent on him or her in the event of loss that terminates income. From personal financial planning, sometimes the goal of transferring the maximum wealth possible to dependents.

2.

10-4

Identifying Risk of Loss From Premature Death

Premature death is a source of loss in two ways: 1. Death triggers expenses associated with death itself (funeral expenses and other death costs). 2. Death causes loss of income that the individual would have earned.

10-5

Measuring Risks Associated With Premature Death Two approaches have been suggested for evaluating the risk of premature death: 1. Human life value

2. Needs analysis

10-6

Human Life Value

The human life value concept is generally credited to Soloman S. Huebner. 1. Human life value concept is based on the individuals income earning ability. 2. Human life value is the present value of income lost by dependents as a result of the persons death.

10-7

Present Value

Any attempt to measure human life value must consider the time value of money or the concept of present value. 1. Time value of money refers to fact that $1 today is worth more than a year from now. 2. Money invested at some positive rate of return will be worth more in the future.
10-8

Time Value of Money (Present Value)

$1.00 $1.00 $1.06 $0.943396 $1.06

(1.00 X 6%)

$1.06

$.943396

$.889962

10-9

Present Value of $1 in N Years

Year

6%

8%

10%

12

%
1 $0.94340$0.92593 $0.90909 $0.89283

2 0.89000 0.85734
3 0.83962 0.79383 10 0.55839 0.46319 20 0.31180 0.21455 30 0.17411 0.09938

0.82645
0.75131 0.38554 0.14864 0.05731

0.79719
0.71178 0.32197 0.10367 0.03338
10-10

Present Value of $1 Annually for N Years

Year

6%

8%

10%

12%

1 $0.94340 $0.92593 $0.90909 $0.89286 2 1.83339 1.78326 1.73554 1.69005

3
10

2.67301
7.36009

2.57710
6.71008

2.48685
6.49506 8.51356 9.42691

2.40183
5.65022 7.46944 8.05518
10-11

20 11.46992 9.81815 30 13.76483 11.25778

Economic Value to Dependents Years Until Age Retirement

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

Present Value of $10,000 At 5% At 6% At 7%

$177,740$154,588 171,590 150,462 163,741 144,982 153,724 137,648 140,939 127,833 124,622 114,699 103,796 97,122 77,217 43,600 43,294 42,123

At 8%

$136,055 $121,084 133,317 119,246 129,476 116,545 124,090 112,477 116,535 106,747 105,940 98,182 91,079 85,594 70,235 67,100 41,001 39,927
10-12

Difficulties With Human Life Value Concept

1. Indicated value depends on estimate of future changes in income. 2. Indicated value varies with discount rate. 3. Indicated value does not necessarily represent a measure of loss. no one may be dependent on the individuals income

part of income may be replaced from other sources (e.g. social security)
10-13

Needs Analysis Approach

Amount of insurance that an individual should purchase is properly determined by needs analysis. 1. Huebners life value approach looks at income that would be lost. 2. Needs approach attempts to identify the allocation of that income and the purposes for which it would have been used.

10-14

Needs Analysis

Needs analysis has three basic steps

1.
2.

Identify the needs that would arise or continue following death of the individual
Identify resources that would be available (social insurance benefits, employerprovided benefits, savings) Measure difference between 1. and 2. above
10-15

3.

Lifestyles and Needs Analysis Needs will vary with individuals situation and lifestyle. Identifiable lifestyles include: 1. Single individual without dependents 2. Single individual with dependents 3. Childless couples 4. Couples with children - both employed outside the home

5. Couples with children - only one employed outside the home

10-16

Classification of Needs

CASH NEEDS Fund for Last Expenses Emergency Funds

INCOME NEEDS Funds for Readjustment Dependency Period Income

Mortgage Payment Funds Life Income for Spouse

Educational Funds

10-17

Classification of Income Needs

Income needs may be classified into three groups, representing different periods: 1. Readjustment income following death

2. Income during dependency period

3. Income for spouse when children are grown

blackout period
retirement
10-18

$3000 Figure 10.1 Needs Analysis Chart

$1,603 OASDI benefit until younger child reaches age 16

$663.60 OASDI benefit until youngest child reaches age 18

Unfilled Needs $1,200 per month from widows $632.60 per month employment widows OASDI benefit
10-19

Present Value - Future Income Needs

OASDI Income Needs Benefits From Projected Projected Projected Employment Income at 3% at 3% at 4% Deficit $20,000 20,800 ***** 34,634 36,019 37,460 39,958 ***** 78,922 3,200 3,096 ***** 459 9,528 9,454 27,156 ***** 33,633 6% Discount Factor 0.94340 0.89000 ***** 0.41727 0.39365 0.37136 0.35034 ***** 0.12274 Present Value of Projected Deficit $3,019 2,755 ***** 191 3,751 3,511 9,514 ***** 4,128 153,768
10-20

Ages

25/3/1 $40,000 $16,800 26/4/2 41,200 17,304 ***** ***** ***** 39/17/15 60,504 25,412 40/18/16 62,319 16,772 41/19/17 64,188 17,275 42/20/18 66,114 0 ***** ***** ***** 60 112,554 0

Estate Liquidity Need

1. A federal transfer tax, called the estate tax, is imposed on transfers at the time of death. 2. Amounts passed to heirs other than a spouse that exceed $600,000 are subject to the tax. 3. To avoid forced sale of assets to pay the estate tax, life insurance may be needed to provide liquidity.
10-21

Estate Planning

The process through which one arranges one's affairs for the most effective accumulation, management, and disposition of capital and income.

The greatest shrinkage of the estate has historically come from the federal estate tax, which applies to assets held at the time of death and certain gifts made during the individuals lifetime.
10-22

Taxable Estate Rates in 1999 began at 37% on taxable estates of $650,000 - go to 55% on estates over $3 million. The taxable estate is the gross estate minus allowable deduction. Tax is subject to a credit that reduces the tax actually payable. This credit against tax is commonly referred to as an estate tax exemption. $625,000 estate exempt from tax in 1998. Subject to increase to $1 million in 2006. Family business deduction 10-23

Taxable Estate Taxable estate is determined by deducting allowable exemptions from the gross estate. Gross estate includes the fair market value of all real and personal property owned at the time of death, including interest in property owned jointly with another. proceeds of life insurance on deceaseds life if deceased possessed incidents of ownership. Incidents of ownership means such ownership rights as the right to change beneficiaries, borrow cash value, or withdraw cash values. 10-24

Deductions Gross estate is subject to certain deductions in determining the portion that is taxable. credit for state and foreign death taxes. marital deduction, which is unlimited.
applies only to the part of the estate that actually passes to a surviving spouse. If a person dies "intestate" the estate is distributed according to state law. In many states, a spouse receives 1/3 and 2/3 is divided equally among the children. This distribution deprives the estate of the full benefit of the marital deduction.
10-25

Marital Deduction Unlimited marital deduction protects individuals entire estate from the federal estate tax, but spouses estate will be subject to the federal estate tax. Property left to a surviving spouse becomes a part of the spouse's estate and is taxed without marital deduction when he or she dies. Strategy: arrange for the distribution of that estate in a manner that will maximize the use of the unified estate-gift tax credit.
10-26

Example Bill Smith has an estate in the neighborhood of $1.3 million. If he leaves his entire estate to Mary, it will pass without estate tax liability, but the tax is merely deferred. If Bill dies in 1999, $650,000 of his estate could pass to children or other heirs without tax liability.

The remaining $650,000 may pass to Mary, or it may pass to the children or other heirs subject to the estate tax.
10-27

Gifts

In addition to using the marital exemption and maximizing the unified credit, a third strategy is by making gifts prior to death. Annual gift tax exclusion of $10,000 per donee, whereby assets may be transferred during ones lifetime without tax consequences. $10,000 gift tax exclusion will be adjusted for inflation after 1998.
10-28

Trusts A common tool for implementing estate planning strategies and for the administration of an estate. Arrangement under which the holder (trustee) undertakes the management of another's property (called the corpus of the trust), for benefit of designated persons. The most widely used trusts are the testamentary trust, which is a part of the will and takes effect after death, and the living or inter vivos trust, established during the lifetime of the creator and which may be revocable or irrevocable 10-29 in nature.

Testamentary Trust Will not reduce estate taxes at death of the testator, nor will it reduce estate settlement costs. Trust property remains in the estate of the testator until distribution after will is probated. Used to leave property to heirs other than a spouse (to maximize tax credit), but also provides for a surviving spouse. The spouse is the beneficiary of the trust; other heirs are remaindermen. Property in trust is not subject to the marital deduction, but uses all or part of the unified
10-30

Living (Intervivos) Trusts

Revocable inter vivos trust

The creator reserves the right to terminate the trust and acquire the property. The revocable trust does not reduce the estate tax liability.

Irrevocable inter vivos trust

The creator relinquishes right to terminate the trust and acquire the property. An absolute and irrevocable trust takes the property out of the grantor's estate
10-31

Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (ILIT) is used to avoid the incidents of ownership in a life insurance contract. Life insurance is purchased and managed by a trustee, subject life insurance trust agreement. Premiums are paid from funds transferred to the trust as gifts but not withdrawn by trust beneficiaries. (Crummey powers) Key feature is the willingness of beneficiaries to not withdraw the gift, which they must have the right to do if it is to 10-32 qualify as a gift.

Risks Associated with Superannuation

Two parts to the retirement risk Individual will not have accumulated sufficient assets by the time retirement arrives Assets that have been accumulated will not last for the remainder of his or her lifetime

10-33

The Risk of Outliving the Accumulation Some strategy is needed to guarantee that the individual will not outlive the assets Conventional tool for this problem is a life annuity

10-34

Estimating the Accumulation Need

1.

Monthly income needs during retirement are projected by some assumed rate of inflation together with social security benefits, which are deducted from needs.

2.

If pension benefits will be available, projected pension benefits are also deducted from projected need. Remaining monthly need is converted to an annuity purchase price to determine total future capital need.
10-35

3.

Risks Associated with Disability

1.

Unlike the case in life insurance, disability income need is not limited to those with dependents. Income need may even be greater for the person without a spouse (no second income, need to hire a care provider). If breadwinner dies, income stops but expenses also decline. In event of disability, income stops and expenses will likely increase.
10-36

2.

3. 4.

Probabilities of Death and Disability

Age 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Probability of Death Before Age 65 24% 23% 22% 21% 20% 18% 15% 9%

Probability of 90-Day Disability Before Age 65 54% 52% 50% 48% 44% 39% 32% 9%
10-37

Needs Analysis for Disability Risk

1.

Follows same pattern discussed in connection with life insurance, in which anticipated needs are projected Adequate medical expense coverage should be available to meet increased medical expenses Program should include provision for continued contributions to retirement program
10-38

2.

3.

Resources Available to Meet Disability Risk

1. 2.

Workers compensation benefits for workrelated disabilities Compulsory Temporary Disability Benefits in California, Hawaii, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Puerto Rico Social Security benefits for total and permanent disabilities Employer-provided sick leave or cash benefits
10-39

3. 4.

Addressing Unmet Disability Needs

1. 2.

Subtract available resources from needs Most important disability income need is long-term disability for both occupational and nonoccupational disability to supplement Social Security benefit Some people will also need short-term coverage for disabilities that are not covered under Social Security

3.

10-40

The Medical Expense Exposure

1.

Personal risk management program is incomplete without protection against medical expenses Major consideration should be protection against catastrophic loss

2.

10-41

Managing the Risk of Unemployment

Limited options for transferring the risk State unemployment programs exist in all states

Unemployment insurance is available on a limited basis in connection with installment credit; usually greatly overpriced

10-42

State Unemployment Insurance

1. 2.

Previous employment in a covered occupation Involuntarily unemployed

3.

Continued attachment to the labor force (willing and able to work)

10-43

Benefits Under State Unemployment Insurance

1. Benefits related to previous earnings

Typically 1/26 of previous earnings

About 50% of normal earnings but subject to statutory maximum

State maxima in 1998: from $180 to $573

2. Benefits payable for a maximum period Maximum is 26 weeks in 44 states Longest maximum in any state is 39 weeks
10-44

Retention and Risk Retention

RETENTION Authorities recommend an emergency fund equal to from 3 to 6 months expenses REDUCTION comprehensive education specialized working skills a career that is relatively immune to fluctuations in employment
10-45