Amity School of Business

Module -I
The System Development Environment

Topics
System & its parts Types of Systems

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Characteristics of a System
System Analyst in system Development Developing Systems- SDLC

Approaches to System Development (Prototyping, Joint Application Design (JAD), Participatory Design (PD))
System Development Models (Waterfall model & Spiral Model) System Planning & Selection (Identifying, Selecting, Initiating & Planning System Development Project).
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It is derived from the Greek word Systema, which means an organized relationship among functioning units or components. A System is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

System

Generalize Model Of System

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System Approach
It is based on an organization in a system and

its

components

are

inter-related

and

interdependent. The Basic feature of the system approach is that attention is paid toward the overall effectiveness of the system rather than the effectiveness of subsystem.
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A Human Activity System

Take an example of a Simple Business System which handles claim made against Insurance Companies as the result of motor accidents. The main inputs to the system are the claims made against insurers.

The Main outputs from the System are payments made to other insurers.

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Elements Of System
Input and Output Processors Control

Feedback
Environment

Boundaries and Interface

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Characteristics Of a System
Characteristics that are present in all systems: Organization (Order) -: It is the arrangement of components that help to achieve objectives. Interaction -: It refers to manner in which each component functions with other components of a system. Interdependence -: It means that parts of the organization of computer system depends one another. Integration -: It is concerned with how a system is tied together. It is more than sharing a physical part or location. Central Objective :- Objective may be real or stated. Although a stated objective may be real objective, it is not uncommon for an organization to state one objective and operate to achieve another. The important point is that the user must know the central objective.
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Characteristics Of a System
1. A System is a Whole 2. Components of a system interact 3. System are goal seeking 4. System have Input/Output 5. System transform inputs to yield output 6. System exhibit entropy 7. System must be controlled 8. System form a hierarchy 9. System exhibit differentiation 10. System exhibit equifinality

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Types Of System
Physical or Abstract System

Open Or Closed System

Natural Or Man-made System

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Physical Or Abstract System

Physical System are tangible entities that may be static or dynamic in operation.
For Ex. : The Physical part of Computer Center are the Office, Desk and Chairs, that facilitates operation of the computer. Abstract System are conceptual or nonphysical entities. They may be as straight forward as formulas of relationship among sets of variables or models. The Abstract conceptualization of physical situations. A model is an easier way for the analyst to visualize relationships in the system under study.
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This System is based on their degree of independence. An Open System has many interfaces with environment. It receives input from and delivers outputs to the outside. An Information System falls into this category, since it must adapt to changing demand of the user. A Closed System is isolated from environmental influences. In reality, a Completely Closed System is Rare. A Closed System is one that does not interface with its environment. 11 i.e. It has no input and no Output

Open Or Closed System

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Characteristics Of Open System

Five important Characteristics of Open System 1. Input From Out Side

2. Entropy
3. Process Output and Cycle

4. Differentiation
5. Equifinality
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Natural or Man-made Information System

An Information system is the basis for interaction between the user and the analyst. It provides instructions, commands, and feedback. It determines the nature of the relationships among decision makers. For Ex. Information that the wind is claim reduces the uncertainty that the boat trip will be pleasant., Natural Global System (Natural Environment), Trees, vehicles etc. The major information system are formal, informal and computer based.
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 System analysts are key to the systems development process. To succeed as a system analyst, you will need to develop four type of skills:

Systems Analyst in System Development

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Analytical Skill : It help you to understand the organization and its functions, to identify opportunities and problems, and to analyze and solve a problems. Technical Skill : It help you to understand the potential and limitations of Information Technology. Managerial Skill : It help you to manage projects, resources, risk, and change. Interpersonal Skill : It help you to work with end users as well as with other analysts and programmers.

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Developing I.S. and SDLC

Organization use a standard set of steps, called System development methodology, to develop and support their Information System.

The SDLC is common methodology for systems development in many organizations.

For Example : a commercial product such as Honda Car, follow a life cycle :- it is created, tested, and introduced to the market. Its sales increase, peak, and decline. Finally the product is removed form the market and replaced by something else.

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System Development Life cycle

It is Concerned with the detail management of all the components that go into the development of a new System. It was developed by The National Computing Centre in1960s to add discipline to many Organizational Approach to System Development. It is a model of How System should be designed and developed. Over the years, lot of methodologies have evolved to support this life cycle approach of systems development. A methodology is a collection of Procedure, Techniques, Tools and Documentation aids that are designed to help in their effort to implement a new system.

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1
System Planning and Selection

System Implementation and operation

SDLC
System Design

System Analysis

3
Four SDLC Steps
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Approaches to Development
There are four approaches for system development that streamline and improve the systems analysis and design process.
Prototyping Development Rapid Application Development Joint Application Design Participatory Design
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System Development Models

A model which is used to develop a standard system as per users requirement.
Waterfall Model Spiral Model

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Waterfall Model of SDLC

Requirement Analysis & Specification Design Implementation & unit testing Integration & system testing

Operation & maintenance

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Water fall Model: Description of Steps

Structure system into components. Concerned with the general structure of the solution. Define the relationships among the components.

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The Waterfall Model

Does not show iteration in software life cycle. Does not show overlap between phases. Software requirements are tested late in life cycle. Operational system available late in life cycle. The mapping of design into code

Requirements Specification and Analysis

Analysis of the problem; What should the system do?

Architectural Design

Detailed Design

Internal component design. Data structures. Internal interface. File structures. Algorithm definition.

Implementation

Unit Testing

Testing of design components

Testing the design components interactions with each other

Soft ware Int egrat ion T est ing

Testing of the system against s/w requirements and final acceptance testing by the user

Syst em and Accept ance T est ing

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Spiral Model
The problem with traditional models is that they do not sufficiently deal with the uncertainty and major project failures occurs owing to these risks only. The radial dimension of the model represents the cumulative costs. The angular dimension represents the progress made in completing each cycle. Each loop of the spiral from X Axis clockwise through 360 degree represents one phase. One phase is split into four sectors of major activities: Planning: Determination of objectives, alternatives and constraints. 22

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Steps of SDLC Used in Models

1. Problem Definition (Requirement Specification) 2. Feasibility Study 3. Analysis 4. Design 5. Implementation (coding & Testing) 6. Post-Implementation and Maintenance
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