Design of Sanitary Sewers

5th December, 2009
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SEWERS
DESIGN PERIODS
Sewers: 30 years
Sewage Pumping Stations
Civil Structures: 30 years
Equipment: phases of 15 years
Sewage Treatment Plants: phases of 10 to 15 years
POPULATION FORCASTS AND WATER

DEMAND FORCASTS
City/ Town Level
Wards Level
Sewerage Zone Level
PER CAPITA SEWAGE FLOW

In well developed Urban areas, sewage flows may
be as high as 90% of water supply due to industrial wastes
contribution.
Generally average sewage flow may be taken as 80% of
water supply. However sewers should be designed for at
least 100 lpcd.
(CPHEEO manual on Sewerage)
PEAK FACTORS
(Ratio of Maximum to Average Flow)
Contributing
Population
Up to 20,000
Peak Factor
20,000 to 50,000
2.5
50,000 to 7,50,000
2.25
Above 7,50,000
2.0
3.0
INFILTRATION OF GROUND WATER

Units
Minimum
Maximum
l/Ha.d
5,000
50,000
l/km.d
500
5,000
Lpd/manhole
250
500
Approximately Infiltration can be assumed to be about 10 to

15% of average sewage flow.
6
MANNINGS FORMULA
General form,
V = (1/N) x ( R S)
For Circular Conduits,

V = (1/N) x (3.968 x 10-3)D S
And Q = (1/N) x (3.118 x 10-6)D8/3 S
Where, Q = Discharge in lps;
S = Slope;
D = Internal Dia of pipe in mm;
R= Hydraulic radius (A/P) in mm;
V= Velocity, in m/sec;
N = Mannings coefficient of roughness
7
COEFFICIENT OF ROUGHNESS N
Material
Condition
Stoneware Pipe
a) Good
0.012
b) Fair
0.015
a) Good
0.011 to 0.013
b) Fair
0.015
Reinforced
Cement Concrete
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Minimum size of public sewer - 150mm
Minimum velocity for present peak flow - 0.6m/sec
Maximum velocity to avoid erosion - 3.0m/sec
Trial full flow velocity - 0.75 to 1.0 m/sec

Minimum depth of cover over crown - 1.0 m
Depth of flow - 0.8D at ultimate peak flow

(CPHEEO Manual on Sewerage)
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
MANHOLE SPACING
Manholes to be provided at;
Every change in alignment, gradient, diameter
Head of all sewers
Junction of sewers
Intermediate locations with spacing not greater that 30m
on manually cleaned manholes.
90 to 150m spacing for 900 to 1500mm dia mechanically
cleaned sewers
150 to 200m spacing for 1.5 to 2.0m dia mechanically
cleaned sewers.
17
DEPTH OF FLOW WITH SIZE OF SEWER
Size (mm)
d/D
Upto 400
> 400 upto 900
> 900mm
SEWER 3 software of the World Bank

18
19
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS OF CIRCULAR

SEWERS RUNNING PARTIALLY FULL
d/D
a/A
p/P
r/R
For N/n=1.0
v/V
q/Q
N/n
For variable N/n

v/V
q/Q
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
1.00
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.00
1.000
1.000
0.90
9.949
0.795
1.192
1.124
1.066
0.94
1.057
1.002
0.80
0.858
0.705
1.217
1.140
0.988
0.88
1.003
0.869
0.70
0.748
0.631
1.185
1.120
0.838
0.85
0.952
0.712
0.60
0.626
0.564
1.110
1.072
0.671
0.83
0.890
0.557
0.50
0.500
0.500
1.000
1.000
0.500
0.81
0.810
0.405
0.40
0.373
0.436
0.857
0.902
0.337
0.79
0.713
0.266
0.30
0.252
0.369
0.684
0.776
0.196
0.78
0.605
0.153
0.20
0.143
0.295
0.482
0.615
0.088
0.79
0.486
0.070
0.10
0.052
0.205
0.254
0.401
0.021
0.82
0.329
0.017
0.00
0.000
---
---
---
0.000
---
---
--20
21
22
ADEQUACY OF PIPE SIZE AND VELOCITY

AT PEAK FLOW..(1)
Qaverage = 0.0094 cumec,
Peak factor = 2.5
Actual Qpeak = 0.0094 x 2.5 = 0.0235 cumec
Try 150mm size;
From Table, for vfull = 0.908m/sec, Grade 1 in 90

Qfull = 0.0161cumec
< Actual Qpeak 0.0235 cumec

150mm size not adequate
23

AT PEAK FLOW..(2)
Try 200mm size
From Table, For Vfull = 0.898 m/sec; Grade 1 in 135
Qfull = 0.0282 cumec
For d/D = 0.5, q/Qfull = 0.4050 for N/n variable;
q = 0.4050 x 0.0282 = 0.0114 cumec
< 0.0235
200mm size is inadequate

24

AT PEAK FLOW..(3)
Try 300mm size
From Table, For Vfull = 0.902 m/sec; Grade 1 in 230
Qfull = 0.0638 cumec
For d/D = 0.5, q/Qfull = 0.4050 for N/n variable;
q = 0.4050 x 0.0638 = 0.0259 cumec
> 0.0235
300mm size is adequate.
Actually q/Qfull = 0.0235/0.0638 = 0.368
From diagram, for q/Qfull = 0.368, d/D = 0.48
From diagram, v/Vfull = 0.78
vactual = 0.902 x 0.78 = 0.703 m/sec
> 0.6m/sec
OK
25
DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM

Line
Location
Manholes
From
To
Ground
level at
starting
manhole
Length
Area Served (ha)

Increment
Total
Population
Sewage
flow
mld
Ground
water
infiltration
mld
10
11
1.
Street
R.8.5
R.8.4
38.275
120
0.80
0.80
240
0.054
0.016
2.
Street
R.8.4
R.8.3
37.960
116
1.2
2.0
600
0.135
0.040
3.
Street
R.8.3
R.8.2
36.873
114
1.40
3.40
1020
0.230
0.068
4.
Street
R.8.2
R.8.1
36.895
116
0.90
4.30
1290
0.290
0.066
5.
Street
R.8.2
R.8.1
36.420
75
0.70
5.0
1500
0.34
0.10
Peak flow
Diameter
mm
Slope
mld
lps
12
13
14
0.205
2.37
0.5112
Discharge lps
Velocity mps
Q Full
Q Actual
V Full
V Actual
15
16
17
18
19
150
0.008
14
2.37
0.75
5.92
150
0.008
14
5.92
0.873
10.10
150
0.008
14
1.10
12.73
150
0.008
1.29
14.92
200
0.005
Total
fall m
Invert Elevation m
Upper end
Lower end
20
21
22
0.57
0.96
37.125
36.165
0.75
0.72
0.93
36.135
35.205
10.10
0.75
0.82
0.91
35.175
34.265
14
12.73
0.75
0.86
0.93
34.235
33.305
24
14.92
0.70
0.74
0.38
34.275
33.895
26
SEWER 3
WORLD BANK
SOFTWARE
ECHOING INPUT VARIABLE

Title of the Project:
Name of the User:
Number of Pipes:
Number of Nodes:
Minimum Velocity, m/sec:
Maximum Velocity, m/sec:
Minimum Allowable Cover, m:
Maximum Allowable Cover, m:
Number of Existing Pipes:
Number of Commercial Diameters:
Number of Excavation Layers:
InFiltration Rate in percentage:
Maximum Allowable Slope as X (1:X):
Minimum Allowable Slope as X (1:X):
WRR75n
CHAWATHE
20
21
6
3
2.44
7
Diameter Progression Considered? (Y/N):

Manning 'n' to be kept constant? (Y/N):
Lay Pipe Parallel to Ground? (Y/N):
Provide Drop if Min Cov Violates? (Y/N):
Lowest/Mean/Highest/Auto Dia? (L/M/H/A):
Y
N
Y
N
L
Type of Backfill:
Unit Weight of BackFill Soil kg/sq m:
Saturated Topsoil
1840
10
5
1
30
1000
28
PIPE DATA
Pipe No.
From Node
To Node
Length m
Manning n
106.00
Diameter mm
Min. Vel. m/sec
Max. Vel. m/sec
0.0130
0.6
3.00
121.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
106.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
121.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
131.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
167.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
106.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
137.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
10
152.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
10
11
152.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
11
12
11
106.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
12
13
12
106.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
13
14
13
152.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
14
11
15
182.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
15
18
17
121.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
16
17
16
191.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
17
16
15
106.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
18
15
19
121.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
19
19
20
152.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
20
20
21
182.00
0.0130
0.6
3.00
29
NODE DATA
Node No.
Flow lps
Elevation m
Peak Factor
Pumping (Y/N/F)
Minimum Cover (m)
113.300
152.40
1.00
2.44
84.960
150.88
1.00
2.44
56.640
148.44
1.00
2.44
141.600
146.30
1.00
2.44
113.280
149.83
1.00
2.44
113.280
149.35
1.00
2.44
169.920
143.26
1.00
2.44
113.280
144.78
1.00
2.44
133.280
147.83
1.00
2.44
10
226.560
149.35
1.00
2.44
11
198.240
141.73
1.00
2.44
12
113.280
143.26
1.00
2.44
13
198.240
144.78
1.00
2.44
14
254.880
147.83
1.00
2.44
15
198.240
138.68
1.00
2.44
16
85.960
140.21
1.00
2.44
17
56.640
141.43
1.00
2.44
18
113.280
142.65
1.00
2.44
19
56.640
137.46
1.00
2.44
20
141.600
136.55
1.00
2.44
21
0.000
135.64
1.00
2.44
30
COMMERCIAL DIAMETER DATA
Pipe Diameter
Maximum
d/D
Trench
Width m
Unit Cost Rs. /m

length
Strength (km/m)
Internal
External
500.0
550.0
0.5
0.85
550.0
2300.00
600.0
650.0
0.5
0.95
650.0
2400.00
800.0
850.0
0.5
1.15
850.0
2500.00
1000.0
1050.0
0.67
1.35
1050.0
2600.00
1200.0
1250.0
0.67
1.55
1250.0
2700.00
300.0
350.0
0.67
0.65
350.0
2200.00
150.0
200.0
0.75
0.5
200.0
2000.00
200.0
250.0
0.75
0.55
250.0
2100.00
1300.0
1350.0
0.75
1.65
1350.0
2800.00
1500.0
1550.0
0.75
1.85
1550.0
2900.00
31
EXCAVATION COST DATA
Depth of Excavation in m
Unit Rate Rs/cub m Vol
From
To
0.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
6.00
2.00
6.00
9.00
3.00
9.00
12.00
4.00
12.00
50.00
6.00
32
PIPE DETAILS
Pipe No.
From Node
To Node
Peak Flow (lps)
Length (m)
Diameter mm
Pipe Slope
Ground Slope
113.413
106.00
500.0
67
69.6
198.458
121.00
500.0
47
49.7
255.155
106.00
500.0
47
49.6
133.393
121.00
500.0
73
79.6
266.787
131.00
500.0
86
85.8
623.683
167.00
800.0
190
54.8
473.593
106.00
600.0
68
69.6
360.200
137.00
500.0
44
44.9
10
226.787
152.00
500.0
96
99.7
10
11
1267.366
152.00
1000.0
98
99.6
11
12
11
566.966
106.00
600.0
50
69.5
12
13
12
453.573
106.00
600.0
67
69.6
13
14
13
255.135
152.00
500.0
47
49.8
14
11
15
2032.771
182.00
1200.0
222
59.8
15
18
17
113.393
121.00
500.0
97
99.2
16
17
16
170.090
191.00
500.0
152
156.6
17
16
15
256.136
106.00
500.0
67
69.5
18
15
19
2487.345
121.00
1200.0
148
99.3
19
19
20
2544.042
152.00
1200.0
142
166.1
20
20
21
2685.783
182.00
1200.0
127
200.0
Existing
Pipe
33
PIPE LEVEL DETAILS

Pipe No.
Ground Elevation
Crown Level
Invert Level
Execution Depth
U/S (m)
D/S (m)
U/S (m)
D/S (m)
U/S (m)
D/S (m)
U/S (m)
D/S (m)
152.4
150.9
150.0
148.4
149.4
147.8
3.1
3.1
150.9
148.4
148.4
145.8
147.8
145.3
3.2
3.2
148.4
146.3
145.8
143.6
145.3
143.0
3.0
3.3
149.4
147.8
146.9
145.3
146.4
144.7
3.1
3.1
147.8
146.3
145.3
143.7
144.7
143.2
5.5
3.1
146.3
143.3
141.7
140.8
140.8
140.0
3.1
3.3
144.8
143.3
142.3
140.8
141.7
140.1
3.1
3.1
147.8
144.8
145.3
142.2
144.8
141.7
3.0
3.1
149.4
147.8
146.9
145.3
146.4
144.8
3.5
3.1
10
143.3
141.7
140.8
139.3
139.8
138.2
3.2
3.5
11
143.3
141.7
140.7
138.5
140.0
137.9
3.2
3.8
12
144.8
143.3
142.3
140.7
141.6
140.0
3.0
3.2
13
147.8
144.8
145.4
142.2
144.8
141.6
5.9
3.2
14
141.7
138.7
137.1
136.2
135.8
135.0
3.0
3.7
15
142.6
141.4
140.2
139.0
139.7
138.4
3.0
3.0
16
141.4
140.2
139.0
137.7
138.4
137.2
3.1
3.1
17
140.2
138.7
137.7
136.1
137.2
135.6
4.1
3.1
18
138.7
137.5
135.8
135.0
134.6
133.8
3.7
3.7
19
137.5
136.6
135.0
134.0
133.8
132.7
3.8
3.8
20
136.6
135.6
134.0
132.5
132.7
131.3
4.4
4.4
34
PIPE MISC DETAILS

Pipe No.
Dia. Mm
d/D
Partial Velocity (m/sec)
Pipe Slope
500.0
0.39
1.60
67
500.0
0.48
2.13
47
500.0
0.55
2.31
47
500.0
0.40
1.55
73
500.0
0.61
1.81
86
800.0
0.67
1.74
190
600.0
0.66
2.39
68
500.0
0.66
2.62
44
500.0
0.63
1.74
96
10
1000.0
0.59
2.63
98
11
600.0
0.67
2.82
50
12
600.0
0.64
2.37
67
13
500.0
0.55
2.31
47
14
1200.0
0.75
2.23
222
15
500.0
0.43
1.40
97
16
500.0
0.61
1.36
152
17
500.0
0.61
2.04
67
18
1200.0
0.75
2.73
148
19
1200.0
0.75
2.80
142
20
1200.0
0.75
2.95
127
Remarks
35
NODE DETAILS
Node No.
Node Type
Peak Factor
Peak Flow (lps)
Ground Elevation (m)
Excavation Depth (m)
REF
1.00
113.300
152.40
3.0
1.00
84.960
150.88
3.1
1.00
56.640
148.44
3.2
1.00
141.600
146.30
3.0
1.00
113.280
149.83
3.1
CONF
5
6
REF
1.00
113.280
149.35
5.5
CONF
1.00
169.920
143.26
3.1
1.00
113.280
144.78
3.1
1.00
133.280
147.83
3.0
10
REF
1.00
226.560
149.35
3.5
11
CONF
1.00
198.240
141.73
3.2
12
1.00
113.280
143.26
3.2
13
1.00
198.240
144.78
3.0
14
REF
1.00
254.880
147.83
5.9
15
CONF
1.00
198.240
138.68
3.0
16
1.00
85.960
140.21
3.0
17
1.00
56.640
141.43
3.1
1.00
113.280
142.65
4.1
19
1.00
56.640
137.46
3.7
20
1.00
141.600
136.55
3.8
1.00
0.000
135.64
4.4
18
21
REF
TAIL
Pumping Provided (Y/N)
36
RELATIVE SIZES AND LEVELS OF

INCOMING AND OUTGOING SEWERS AT
MANHOLE
Outgoing sewer size to be at least equal
to the size of the largest of incoming sewers.
Sewers to be continuous.
The crown of the outgoing sewer not to be higher

than that of incoming sewers.
Hydraulic flow line in the outgoing seer not to be
higher than that in the incoming sewers.
37

Design of Sanitary Sewers

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Design of Sanitary Sewers

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5th December, 2009

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SEWERS

Sewage Treatment Plants: phases of 10 to 15 years

POPULATION FORCASTS AND WATER

PER CAPITA SEWAGE FLOW

INFILTRATION OF GROUND WATER

Approximately Infiltration can be assumed to be about 10 to

For Circular Conduits,

Trial full flow velocity - 0.75 to 1.0 m/sec

Depth of flow - 0.8D at ultimate peak flow

DEPTH OF FLOW WITH SIZE OF SEWER

> 400 upto 900

SEWER 3 software of the World Bank

HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS OF CIRCULAR

For variable N/n

ADEQUACY OF PIPE SIZE AND VELOCITY

From Table, for vfull = 0.908m/sec, Grade 1 in 90

< Actual Qpeak 0.0235 cumec

ADEQUACY OF PIPE SIZE AND VELOCITY

200mm size is inadequate

ADEQUACY OF PIPE SIZE AND VELOCITY

DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM

Area Served (ha)

ECHOING INPUT VARIABLE

Diameter Progression Considered? (Y/N):

Min. Vel. m/sec

Max. Vel. m/sec

Minimum Cover (m)

COMMERCIAL DIAMETER DATA

Unit Cost Rs. /m

EXCAVATION COST DATA

Unit Rate Rs/cub m Vol

Peak Flow (lps)

PIPE LEVEL DETAILS

PIPE MISC DETAILS

Partial Velocity (m/sec)

Peak Flow (lps)

Ground Elevation (m)

Excavation Depth (m)

Pumping Provided (Y/N)

RELATIVE SIZES AND LEVELS OF

The crown of the outgoing sewer not to be higher

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