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HYDRO POWER PLANT

Md mustafa kamal

National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research Chandigarh

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

WHAT IS HYDRO POWER?


Hydropower ( hydro meaning water )is power that

is derived from the force or energy of moving


water. Hydroelectricity is the term referring to

electricity

generated

by

hydropower;

the

production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.

OBJECTIVE :
The objective of a hydropower scheme is to convert the potential energy of a mass of water, flowing in a stream with a certain fall to the

turbine (termed the "head"), into electric energy


at the lower end of the scheme, where the

powerhouse is located. The power output from


the scheme is proportional to the flow and to the head.

Most hydroelectric power


water turbine and

comes

from the
The power

potential energy of dammed water driving a generator. extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head.

A simple formula for approximating electric

power

production at a hydroelectric plant is :

P = hrgk,
where

P is Power in watts,
is the density of water (~1000 kg/m3), h is height in meters, r is flow rate in cubic meters per second, g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2, k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher (that is, closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines.

ELEMENTS OF HYDRO POWER

PENSTOCK RESERVOIR DAM INTAKE TURBINE

POWER HOUSE

GENERATOR

POWER LINE

TRANSFORMER

FIRST ELEMENT : DAMS

What are Spill ways?


A spillway is a structure used to provide the

controlled release of flows from a dam into a


downstream area. A spillway is located at the top

of the reservoir pool. Except during flood periods,


water does not normally flow over a spillway.

SPILL WAYS

Floodgates may be designed into spillways to regulate water flow and dam height. Spillways

release floods so that the water does not overtop


and damage or even destroy the dam. Other uses of the term "spillway" include bypasses of dams or outlets of a channels used during highwater, and outlet channels carved through natural dams such as moraines.

Types of Spillways

A controlled

An uncontrolled

spillway

spillway

SECOND ELEMENT : INTAKE

INTAKE :
Intake is a structure used to release water on a regular basis for water supply, hydroelectricity generation, etc. A water intake must be able to

divert the required amount of water into a power


canal or into a penstock without producing a negative impact on the local environment.

Third ELEMENT : PENSTOCK

PENSTOCK :
conveying water from the intake to the power
house. The water in the reservoir is considered stored energy when the gate opens the water flowing through the penstock becomes kinetic energy because it is in motion.

FOURTH ELEMENT : TURBINES

A hydraulic turbine, also known as a hydro turbine or water turbine, is a turbine that converts the energy from flowing water into mechanical energy by way of a rotating shaft connected to a generator for the purpose of

producing hydroelectricity in a dam.


The three most common types of hydraulic

turbines that have been developed are the


Kaplan turbine, the Francis turbine and the Pelton turbine.

The water, falling through the penstock, strikes and

turns the large blades of a


turbine, which is attached to a generator above it by way of a shaft. It then produces transfers it power directly and to

power lines that run to

individual households.

Classification of Hydraulic Turbines: (A) Based on flow path


Axial Flow Hydraulic Turbines Radial Flow Hydraulic Turbines Mixed Flow Hydraulic Turbines

(B) Based on pressure change


Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

WATER TURBINES :
Water turbines consist of the following components:

intake shaft
turbine

- a tube that connects to the

piping or penstock which brings the water into the

water nozzle - a nozzle which shoots a jet of


water (impulse type of turbines only)

runner - a wheel which catches the water as it


flows in causing the wheel to turn

generator shaft - a steel shaft that connects


the runner to the generator

generator - a small electric generator that


creates the electricity

exit valve - a tube or shute that returns the


water to the stream it came from

powerhouse - a small shed or enclosure to


protect the electro mechanical equipments.

TAILRACES :
After passing through the turbine the water returns to the river through a short channel called a tailrace.

FIFTH ELEMENT : GENERATOR

An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. It is the heart of the hydroelectric power plant. The basic process of generating electricity is to

rotate a series of magnets inside coils of wire.


This process moves electrons, which produces

electrical current.

Each generator is made of certain basic parts:


1. Shaft

2. Excitor
3. Rotor 4. Stator 5. Wicket Gate

is the rotating portion of the generator. It consists of a series of electromagnets

Rotor

where the magnetic field is created.

is the stationary part of the generator made of coils of copper wire. Electricity is produced as the rotors spin past the

Stator

stationary wiring.

Shaft

connects the turbine to the rotor section of the generator. All three elements, the turbine, shaft, and rotor turn at the same speed of 90 revolutions per minute.

Excitor

sends an electrical current to the rotor.

Wicket Gates

are used to control the volume of water flowing through the turbine.

SIXTH ELEMENT : TRANSFORMERS

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical

energy from one circuit to another through a shared


magnetic field. A changing current in the first circuit

(primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn,


this magnetic field induces a voltage in the second circuit (secondary). The secondary circuit mimics the primary circuit, but it need not carry the same current and voltage as the primary circuit. Instead, an ideal transformer keeps the product of the current and the voltage the same in the primary and

secondary circuits.

SEVENTH ELEMENT : OUTFLOW

OUTFLOW :
Used water is carried through pipelines, called
tailraces, and re-enters the river downstream.

EIGTH ELEMENT : POWER HOUSE

POWER HOUSE AND EQUIPMENTS :


In the scheme of hydropower the role of power house is to protect the electromechanical

equipment that convert the potential energy of


water into electricity.

Following are the equipments of power plant :


1.Valve 2.Turbine 3.Generator 4.Control System 5.Relays 6.Protection System 7.DC emergency Supply 8.Power and current transformer

TRASH RACK :
Almost all small hydroelectric plants have a trash
rack cleaning machine, which removes material from water in order to avoid entering plant water ways and damaging electromechanical equipment.

No waste or pollution produced

Electricity can be generated constantly

Controlling Floods

Advantages
Irrigation and agricultural purposes Elimination of Cost of Fuel Less Labour Cost

Dam Failure

Disadvantages

The dams are very expensive to build.

Diminished river flow can be power shortages in areas that heavily depends on hydro power plant.

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