Capacity in Gbit/s

10000 1000 100 10 1 0,1 0,01 0,001

PDH
within 10 Years x1000

WDM SDH

year

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

Fig. 1 Development of transmission capacity (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 5)

Internet Bandwidth Growth by Region, 1999 - 2000

450% 400% 350% 300% 250% 200% 150%

414%

258%

167% 100% 99%

100%
50% 0%

Fig. 2 Growth of internet traffic (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 5)

f4

f2 f3

f1

Fig. 3 Comparison between TDM, FDM and WDM techniques (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 7)

l4
#4
#4 #3 #2 #1 #4 #3 #2 #1

l2 l3

l1

#3

#2

#1

FDM Mux

TDM Mux

WDM Mux
f1 l1 l2 l3 l4 f2 f3 f4

#1 #2 #3 #4

Electromagnetic spectrum
Visible light Cosmic radiation X ray radiation UV radiation IR radiation Communications radiation Microwave, radar TV VHF Frequency (Hz) 1020 1018 1016 1014 1012 (1 THz) (1 pm) Wavelenghth (m) 10-12 (1 nm) 10-9 10-6 (1 mm) 10-3 1010 (1 GHz) (1 m) 100 108 SW 106 (1 MHz) (100 m) 102

Visible light

Fiber transmission wavelength range

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3 1.4 1300

1.5

1.6 mm

850

15501625 nm

Attenuation coefficient a of silica fibers

10 1st window Attenuation coefficient/dB C-Band L-Band 2nd window 3rd window 4th window Multimode fiber 1 Single mode fiber IR absorption Rayleigh scattering 1/l4 0.1 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Wavelength/nm

Fig. 4 Electromagnetic spectrum (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 11)

C0 = 300 000 km/s C =lxf

l = wavelenght f = frequency

0.8 nm 100 GHz

Blue Band

Red Band

1510.0 198.6 1480.0 nm 202.6 THz

1528.77 196.10

1560.61 nm 192.1 THz

Fig. 5 Wavelength plan for 100Ghz grid (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 13)

0.4 nm 50 GHz

1510.0 nm 1528.77 198.6 THz 196.1 1480.0 nm 202.6 THz

1560.61 nm 192.1 THz

Fig. 6 Wavelength plan for 50GHz grid (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 13)

SDH NE

Regenerators

SDH NE

Fig. 7 Situation without WDM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 17)

SDH NE Optical Terminal MUX Optical Terminal MUX

SDH NE

Optical Amplifier

Fig. 8 Situation with WDM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 17)

SDH NE

SDH NE

DWDM Mux

DWDM Mux

Fig. 9 Example of a short route length application (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 19)

SDH NE

SDH NE

DWDM Mux

DWDM Mux

Fig. 10 Example of a medium route length application (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 19)

SDH NE

DWDM Mux

Optical Amplifiers

SDH NE

DWDM Mux

Fig. 11 Example for long transmission route length (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 21)

IP

IP

SDH

Transponder

DWDM Mux

DWDM Mux

Transponder

SDH

ATM

ATM

PDH

PDH

SDH Mux

SDH Mux

Fig. 12 Transponder application (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 23)

SDH NE DWDM Mux

Optical Amplifiers

SDH NE

Regenerator

DWDM Mux

O E E O

Transponder

OADM

Transponder

optical crossconnect
Fig. 13 Optical NE types (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 27)

Optical Fibers

G.652

G.653

G.655

Optical Amplifiers

G.661

G.662

G.663

Passive Optical Components

G.671

Micellanous

G.681

G.692

G.957

Fig. 14 Some ITU standards (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 31)