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• Section 1

Microprocessors course

By: Munish Vashishath

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Contents:
Introduction
Block Diagram and Pin Description of the 8051
Registers
Some Simple Instructions
Structure of Assembly language and Running
an 8051 program
Memory mapping in 8051
8051 Flag bits and the PSW register
Addressing Modes
16-bit, BCD and Signed Arithmetic in 8051
Stack in the 8051
LOOP and JUMP Instructions
CALL Instructions
I/O Port Programming

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Introduction
General-purpose microprocessor
• CPU for Computers
• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
• Example : Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

Many chips on mother’s board


Data Bus
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port
Port
processor
Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor System

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Microcontroller :
• A smaller computer
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example : Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU RAM ROM


A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port
Microcontroller

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
ROM, I/O, timer are separate timer are all on a single chip
• designer can decide on the • fix amount of on-chip ROM,
amount of ROM, RAM and RAM, I/O ports
I/O ports. • for applications in which cost,
• expansive power and space are critical
• versatility • single-purpose
• general-purpose

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Embedded System
• Embedded system means the processor is embedded into that
application.
• An embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to
do one task only.
• In an embedded system, there is only one application software that
is typically burned into ROM.
• Example : printer, keyboard, video game player

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

1. meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost


effectively
• speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports
and timers, size, packaging, power consumption
• easy to upgrade
• cost per unit
2. availability of software development tools
• assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator,
technical support
3. wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


8051 Features
• 4K ROM
• 128 Bytes RAM
• Four 8 Bit I/O Ports
• Two 16 Bit Timers
• Serial Interface
• 64K external code memory space
• 64K external data memory space
• Boolean Processor
• 210 bit-addressable locations
• 4usec multiply/divide instructions

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Block Diagram
External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter

Interrupt ROM for


On-chip Timer 1 Counter
Control program
RAM Timer 0 Inputs
code

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports
OSC Control Port

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD
Address/Data

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Comparison of the 8051 Family Members

Feature 8051 8052 8031


ROM (program space in bytes) 4K 8K 0K
RAM (bytes) 128 256 128
Timers 2 3 2
I/O pins 32 32 32
Serial port 1 1 1
Interrupt sources 6 8 6

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Pin Description of the 8051
PDIP/Cerdip
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
P1.1 2 39 P0.0(AD0
P1.2 3 38 P
) 0.1(AD1)
P1.3 4 8051 37 P0.2(AD2
P
P1.4 5 36 ) 0.3(AD3)
P1.5 6 (8031) 35 P0.4(AD4)
P1.6 7 34 P0.5(AD5)
P1.7 8 33 P0.6(AD6)
RST 9 32 P0.7(AD7)
(RXD)P3.0 10 31 EA/VPP
(TXD)P3.1 11 30 ALE/PROG
(INT0)P3.2 12 29 PSEN
(INT1)P3.3 13 28 P2.7(A15)
(T0)P3.4 14 27 P2.6(A14
(T1)P3.5 15 26 P
) 2.5(A13
(WR)P3.6 16 25 )P2.4(A12
(RD)P3.7 17 24 )P2.3(A11
XTAL2 18 23 P ) 2.2(A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1(A9)
GND 20 21 P2.0(A8)

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Pins of 8051 ( 1/4 )

• Vcc ( pin 40 ):
– Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
– The voltage source is +5V.
• GND ( pin 20 ): ground
• XTAL1 and XTAL2 ( pins 19,18 ):
– These 2 pins provide external clock.
– Way 1 : using a quartz crystal oscillator 
– Way 2 : using a TTL oscillator 
– Example shows the relationship between XTAL and the
machine cycle. 

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Pins of 8051 ( 2/4 )

• RST ( pin 9 ): reset


– It is an input pin and is active high ( normally low ) .
• The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles.
– It is a power-on reset.
• Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller will
reset and all values in registers will be lost.
• Reset values of some 8051 registers 
– Way 1 : Power-on reset circuit 
– Way 2 : Power-on reset with debounce 

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Pins of 8051 ( 3/4 )

• /EA ( pin 31 ): external access


– There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .
– The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the
code is stored externally.
– /PSEN & ALE are used for external ROM.
– For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.
– “/” means active low.
• /PSEN ( pin 29 ): program store enable
– This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin
of the ROM.
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Pins of 8051 ( 4/4 )

• ALE ( pin 30 ): address latch enable


– It is an output pin and is active high.
– 8051 port 0 provides both address and data.
– The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address
and data by connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373
latch.
• I/O port pins
– The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.
– Each port uses 8 pins.
– All I/O pins are bi-directional.
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
XTAL Connection to 8051

• Using a quartz crystal oscillator


• We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin.

C2
XTAL2
30pF

C1
XTAL1
30pF

GND

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


XTAL Connection to an External Clock Source

N XTAL2
C
• Using a TTL oscillator
EXTERNAL
• XTAL2 is unconnected. OSCILLATOR
SIGNAL XTAL1

GND

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Example :

Find the machine cycle for


(a) XTAL = 11.0592 MHz
(b) XTAL = 16 MHz.

Solution:

(a) 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz;


machine cycle = 1 / 921.6 kHz = 1.085 µs
(b) 16 MHz / 12 = 1.333 MHz;
machine cycle = 1 / 1.333 MHz = 0.75 µs

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


RESET Value of Some 8051 Registers:

Register Reset Value


PC 0000
ACC 0000
B 0000
PSW 0000
SP 0007
DPTR 0000
RAM are all zero.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Power-On RESET Circuit
Vcc

10 uF 31
EA/VPP
30 pF X1
19
11.0592 MHz
8.2 K
X2
18
30 pF
9 RST

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Power-On RESET with Debounce

Vcc

31
EA/VPP
X1
10 uF 30 pF

X2
RST
9
8.2 K

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Pins of I/O Port

• The 8051 has four I/O ports


– Port 0 ( pins 32-39 ): P0 ( P0.0 ~ P0.7 )
– Port 1 ( pins 1-8 ) : P1 ( P1.0 ~ P1.7 )
– Port 2 ( pins 21-28 ): P2 ( P2.0 ~ P2.7 )
– Port 3 ( pins 10-17 ): P3 ( P3.0 ~ P3.7 )
– Each port has 8 pins.
• Named P0.X ( X=0,1,...,7 ) , P1.X, P2.X, P3.X
• Ex : P0.0 is the bit 0 ( LSB ) of P0
• Ex : P0.7 is the bit 7 ( MSB ) of P0
• These 8 bits form a byte.
• Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction).
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Registers
A

R0
DPTR DPH DPL
R1

R2 PC PC
R3

R4 Some 8051 16-bit Register

R5

R6

R7

Some 8-bitt Registers of


the 8051

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Memory mapping in 8051

• ROM memory map in 8051 family

4k 8k 32k
0000H 0000H 0000H

0FFFH
DS5000-32

1FFFH
8751
AT89C51
8752
AT89C52 7FFFH

from Atmel Corporation


from Dallas Semiconductor

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Memory Organization
• Separate memory for code & data
• Internal(4K) and/or external (64K) ROM for code
• On-chip RAM:
• General Purpose Register
• Bit-addressable storage
• Register banks
• Special Function Registers

• I/O ports are memory mapped directly to SFR RAM


locations
• Stack resides within internal RAM

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


• RAM memory space allocation in the 8051

7FH

Scratch pad RAM/ General purpose


RAM

30H

2FH
Bit-Addressable RAM

20H
1FH Register Bank 3
18H
17H
Register Bank 2
10H
0FH Stack) Register Bank 1)
08H
07H
Register Bank 0
00H

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Program Memory

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Lower 128 Bytes of Internal RAM

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Internal Data Memory

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Upper 128 Bytes of Internal RAM

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Special Function Register
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Name Function Internal Ram
address
A Accumulator E0*
B Arithmetic F0*
DPH Addressing External Memory 83
DPL Addressing External Memory 82
IE Interrupt Enable Control A8*
IP Interrupt priority B8*
P0 I/O port Latch 80*
P1 I/O port Latch 90*
P2 I/O port Latch A0*
P3 I/O port Latch B0*
PCON Power Control 87
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
PSW Program status Word D0*
SCON Serial Port Control 98*
SBUF Serial Port Data Buffer 99
SP Stack Pointer 81
TMOD Timer/Counter Mode Control 89
TCON Timer/Counter Control 88*
TL0 Timer 0 Low Byte 8A
THO Timer 0 High Byte 8C
TL1 Timer 1 Low Byte 8B
THI Timer 1 High Byte 8D
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
* Bit Addressable
Stack in the 8051
• The register used to access
7FH
the stack is called SP (stack
pointer) register. Scratch pad RAM

30H

• The stack pointer in the 2FH


Bit-Addressable RAM
8051 is only 8 bits wide,
which means that it can take 20H
1FH Register Bank 3
value 00 to FFH. When 18H
8051 powered up, the SP 17H
10H
Register Bank 2
register contains value 07. 0FH Stack) Register Bank 1)
08H
07H
Register Bank 0
00H

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


8051 Flag bits and the PSW register
• PSW Register
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV -- P

Carry flag PSW.7 CY


Auxiliary carry flag PSW.6 AC
Available to the user for general purpose PSW.5 --
Register Bank selector bit 1 PSW.4 RS1
Register Bank selector bit 0 PSW.3 RS0
Overflow flag PSW.2 OV
User define bit PSW.1 --
Parity flag Set/Reset odd/even parity PSW.0 P

RS1 RS0 Register Bank Address

0 0 0 00H-07H

0 1 1 08H-0FH

1 0 2 10H-17H

1 1 3 18H-1FH

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


MCS51 External R/W Operation

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


MCS51 Program Memory Access

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


MCS51

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Addressing Modes
• Immediate
• Register
• Direct
• Register Indirect
• Relative
• Absolute
• Long
• Indexed

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Immediate Addressing Mode
MOV A,#65H
MOV A,#’A’
MOV R6,#65H
MOV DPTR,#2343H
MOV P1,#65H

Example :

Num EQU 30

MOV R0,Num
MOV DPTR,#data1

ORG 100H
data1: db “IRAN”

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Register Addressing Mode
MOV Rn, A ;n=0,..,7
ADD A, Rn
MOV DPL, R6

MOV DPTR, A
MOV Rm, Rn

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Direct Addressing Mode
Although the entire of 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed using direct
addressing mode, it is most often used to access RAM loc. 30 – 7FH.

MOV R0, 40H


MOV 56H, A
MOV A, 4 ; ≡ MOV A, R4
MOV 6, 2 ; copy R2 to R6
; MOV R6,R2 is invalid !

SFR register and their address

MOV 0E0H, #66H ; ≡ MOV A,#66H


MOV 0F0H, R2 ; ≡ MOV B, R2
MOV 80H,A ; ≡ MOV P1,A

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Register Indirect Addressing Mode
• In this mode, register is used as a pointer to the data.

MOV A,@Ri ; move content of RAM loc.Where address is held by Ri into A


( i=0 or 1 )
MOV @R1,B

In other word, the content of register R0 or R1 is sources or target in MOV, ADD and SUBB
insructions.
Example:
Write a program to copy a block of 10 bytes from RAM location sterting at 37h to RAM
location starting at 59h.

Solution:
MOV R0,#37h ; source pointer
MOV R1,#59h ; dest pointer
MOV R2,#10 ; counter
L1: MOV A,@R0
MOV @R1,A
INC R0
INC R1 jump
DJNZ R2,L1

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Relative, Absolute, & Long
Addressing
Used only with jump and call instructions:

SJMP

ACALL,AJMP

LCALL,LJMP

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Indexed Addressing Mode And On-Chip
ROM Access
• This mode is widely used in accessing data elements
of look-up table entries located in the program (code)
space ROM at the 8051

MOVC A,@A+DPTR
A= content of address A +DPTR from ROM
Note:
Because the data elements are stored in the program
(code ) space ROM of the 8051, it uses the instruction
MOVC instead of MOV. The “C” means code.
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Some Simple Instructions
MOV dest,source ; dest = source

MOV A,#72H ;A=72H


MOV A, #’r’ ;A=‘r’ OR 72H
MOV R4,#62H ;R4=62H
MOV B,0F9H ;B=the content of F9’th byte of RAM

MOV DPTR,#7634H
MOV DPL,#34H
MOV DPH,#76H

MOV P1,A ;mov A to port 1

Note 1:
MOV A,#72H ≠ MOV A,72H
After instruction “MOV A,72H ” the content of 72’th byte of RAM will replace in Accumulator.

8086 8051
MOV AL,72H MOV A,#72H
MOV AL,’r’ MOV A,#’r’
MOV BX,72H
MOV AL,[BX] MOV A,72H
Note 2:
MOV A,R3 ≡ MOV A,3

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


ADD A, Source ;A=A+SOURCE

ADD A,#6 ;A=A+6

ADD A,R6 ;A=A+R6

ADD A,6 ;A=A+[6] or A=A+R6

ADD A,0F3H ;A=A+[0F3H]

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


SUBB A,source ;A=A-source-CY

SETB C ;CY=1
SUBB A,R5 ;A=A-R5-1

ADC A,source ;A=A+source+CY

SETB C ;CY=1
ADC A,R5 ;A=A+R5+1

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


MUL & DIV

• MUL AB ;B|A = A*B


MOV A,#25H
MOV B,#65H
MUL AB ;25H*65H=0E99
;B=0EH, A=99H

• DIV AB ;A = A/B, B = A mod B


MOV A,#25
MOV B,#10
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
DIV AB ;A=2, B=5
SETB bit ; bit=1
CLR bit ; bit=0

SETB C ; CY=1
SETB P0.0 ;bit 0 from port 0 =1
SETB P3.7 ;bit 7 from port 3 =1
SETB ACC.2 ;bit 2 from ACCUMULATOR =1
SETB 05 ;set high D5 of RAM loc. 20h

Note: Bit Addressable


Page 359,360
CLR instruction is as same as SETB
i.e:
CLR C ;CY=0

But following instruction is only for CLR:


CLR A ;A=0

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


DEC byte ;byte=byte-1
INC byte ;byte=byte+1

INC R7
DEC A
DEC 40H ; [40]=[40]-1

CPL A ;1’s complement


Example:
MOV A,#55H ;A=01010101 B
L01: CPL A
MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
SJMP L01

NOP & RET & RETI

All are like 8086 instructions.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


RR – RL – RRC – RLC A

EXAMPLE:
RR A

RR:

RRC: C

RL:

RLC: C
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
ANL - ORL – XRL
Bitwise Logical Operations:
AND, OR, XOR
EXAMPLE:
MOV R5,#89H
ANL R5,#08H

CPL A ;1’s complement


Example:
MOV A,#55H ;A=01010101 B
L01: CPL A
MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
SJMP L01
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Stack in the 8051
• The register used to
access the stack is called
7FH
SP (stack pointer)
register. Scratch pad RAM

30H

• The stack pointer in the 2FH


Bit-Addressable RAM
8051 is only 8 bits wide, 20H
which means that it can 1FH Register Bank 3
take value 00 to FFH. 18H
17H
Register Bank 2
When 8051 powered up, 10H
0FH
the SP register contains 08H
Stack) Register Bank 1)

value 07. 07H


00H
Register Bank 0

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Example:
MOV R6,#25H
MOV R1,#12H
MOV R4,#0F3H
PUSH 6
PUSH 1
PUSH 4

0BH 0BH 0BH 0BH

0AH 0AH 0AH 0AH F3

09H 09H 09H 12 09H 12

08H 08H 25 08H 25 08H 25

Start SP=07H SP=08H SP=09H SP=08H

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


LOOP and JUMP Instructions
Conditional Jumps :

JZ Jump if A=0
JNZ Jump if A/=0
DJNZ Decrement and jump if A/=0
CJNE A,byte Jump if A/=byte
CJNE reg,#data Jump if byte/=#data
JC Jump if CY=1
JNC Jump if CY=0
JB Jump if bit=1
JNB Jump if bit=0
JBC Jump if bit=1 and clear bit

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


DJNZ:

Write a program to clear ACC, then


add 3 to the accumulator ten time

Solution:
MOV A,#0
MOV R2,#10
AGAIN: ADD A,#03
DJNZ R2,AGAIN ;repeat until R2=0 (10 times)
MOV R5,A

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


LJMP(long jump)
LJMP is an unconditional jump. It is a 3-byte instruction. It
allows a jump to any memory location from 0000 to FFFFH.

AJMP(absolute jump)
In this 2-byte instruction, It allows a jump to any memory
location within the 2k block of program memory.

SJMP(short jump)
In this 2-byte instruction. The relative address range of 00-
FFH is divided into forward and backward jumps, that is ,
within -128 to +127 bytes of memory relative to the address of
the current PC.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


CALL Instructions
Another control transfer instruction is the CALL instruction,
which is used to call a subroutine.
• LCALL(long call)
This 3-byte instruction can be used to call subroutines
located anywhere within the 64K byte address space
of the 8051.

• ACALL (absolute call)


ACALL is 2-byte instruction. the target address
of the subroutine must be within 2K byte range.
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Instructions that Affect Flag Bits:

Note: X can be 0 or 1

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Example:
Write a program to copy a block of 10 bytes from RAM location
starting at 37h to RAM location starting at 59h.

Solution:
MOV R0,#37h ; source pointer
MOV R1,#59h ; dest pointer
MOV R2,#10 ; counter
L1: MOV A,@R0
MOV @R1,A
INC R0
INC R1
DJNZ R2,L1

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Structure of Assembly language
and Running an 8051 program
EDITOR
PROGRAM
ORG 0H Myfile.asm
MOV R5,#25H ASSEMBLER
PROGRAM
MOV R7,#34H
Myfile.lst
MOV A,#0 Myfile.obj
Other obj file

ADD A,R5 LINKER


PROGRAM
ADD A,#12H
HERE: SJMP HERE Myfile.abs

END OH
PROGRAM

Myfile.hex
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Example:
MOV A,#88H
ADD A,#93H

88 10001000
+93 +10010011
---- --------------
Example:
11B 00011011
MOV A,#9CH
CY=1 AC=0 P=0
ADD A,#64H

9C 10011100
Example: +64 +01100100
MOV A,#38H ---- --------------
ADD A,#2FH 100 00000000
CY=1 AC=1 P=0
38 00111000
+2F +00101111
---- --------------
67 01100111
CY=0 AC=1 P=1

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


• Example:
Assuming that ROM space starting at 250h contains “Hello.”, write a program to transfer the
bytes into RAM locations starting at 40h.
Solution:
ORG 0
MOV DPTR,#MYDATA
MOV R0,#40H
L1: CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
JZ L2
MOV @R0,A
INC DPTR
INC R0
SJMP L1
L2: SJMP L2
;-------------------------------------
ORG 250H
MYDATA: DB “Hello”,0

END

Notice the NULL character ,0, as end of string and how we use the JZ instruction to
detect that.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


• Example:
Write a program to get the x value from P1 and send x2 to P2, continuously .
Solution:
ORG 0
MOV DPTR, #TAB1
MOV A,#0FFH
MOV P1,A
L01:
MOV A,P1
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
MOV P2,A
SJMP L01
;----------------------------------------------------
ORG 300H
TAB1: DB 0,1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81

END

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Timers /Counters Programming
• The 8051 has 2 timers/counters: timer/counter 0 and
timer/counter 1. They can be used as
• The timer is used as a time delay generator.
– The clock source is the internal crystal frequency
of the 8051.
• An event counter.
– External input from input pin to count the number
of events on registers.
– These clock pulses can represent the number of
people passing through an entrance, or the number
of wheel rotations, or any other event that can be
converted to pulses.
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Timer
• Set the initial value of registers
• Start the timer and then the 8051 counts up.
• Input from internal system clock (machine cycle)
• When the registers equal to 0 and the 8051 sets a
bit to denote time out 8051

P2 P1 to
Set LCD
Timer 0 TH0

TL0

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Counter
• Count the number of events
– Show the number of events on registers
– External input from T0 input pin (P3.4) for Counter 0
– External input from T1 input pin (P3.5) for Counter 1
– External input from Tx input pin.
8051
– We use Tx to denote T0 or T1.
TH0
P1 to
TL0
LCD
P3.4
a switch T0
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Basic Registers of the Timer
• Both timer 0 and timer 1 are 16 bits wide.
– These registers stores
• the time delay as a timer
• the number of events as a counter
– Timer 0: TH0 & TL0
• Timer 0 high byte, timer 0 low byte
– Timer 1: TH1 & TL1
• Timer 1 high byte, timer 1 low byte
– Each 16-bit timer can be accessed as two separate registers
of low byte and high byte.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Timer Registers

TH0 TL0

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Timer 0

TH1 TL1

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Timer 1
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
TCON Register:

• TF1: Timer 1 overflow flag.


• TR1: Timer 1 run control bit.
• TF0: Timer 0 overflag.
• TR0: Timer 0 run control bit.
• IE1: External interrupt 1 edge flag.
• IT1: External interrupt 1 type flag.
• IE0: External interrupt 0 edge flag.
• IT0: External interrupt 0 type flag.
• Bit Addressable as TCON.0 to TCON.7
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
TCON Register (1/2)
• Timer control register: TMOD
– Upper nibble for timer/counter, lower nibble for interrupts
• TR (run control bit)
– TR0 for Timer/counter 0; TR1 for Timer/counter 1.
– TR is set by programmer to turn timer/counter on/off.
• TR=0: off (stop)
• TR=1: on (start)

(MSB) (LSB)
TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
Timer 1 Timer0 for Interrupt
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
TCON Register (2/2)
• TF (timer flag, control flag)
– TF0 for timer/counter 0; TF1 for timer/counter 1.
– TF is like a carry. Originally, TF=0. When TH-TL roll over
to 0000 from FFFFH, the TF is set to 1.
• TF=0 : not reach
• TF=1: reach
• If we enable interrupt, TF=1 will trigger ISR.
(MSB) (LSB)
TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
Timer 1 Timer0 for Interrupt

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Equivalent Instructions for the Timer
For timer 0
Control Register
SETB TR0 = SETB TCON.4
CLR TR0 = CLR TCON.4

SETB TF0 = SETB TCON.5


CLR TF0 = CLR TCON.5
For timer 1
SETB TR1 = SETB TCON.6
CLR TR1 = CLR TCON.6

SETB TF1 = SETB TCON.7


CLR TF1 = CLR TCON.7
TCON: Timer/Counter Control Register
TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
TMOD Register
• Timer mode register: TMOD
MOV TMOD,#21H
– An 8-bit register
– Set the usage mode for two timers
• Set lower 4 bits for Timer 0 (Set to 0000 if not used)
• Set upper 4 bits for Timer 1 (Set to 0000 if not used)
– Not bit-addressable
(MSB) (LSB)
GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 0
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
TMOD Register
GATE Gating control when set. Timer/counter is enabled only
while the INTx pin is high and the TRx control pin is set.
When cleared, the timer is enabled whenever the TRx
control bit is set.
C/T Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation
(input from internal system clock). Set for counter
operation (input from Tx input pin).
M1 Mode bit 1
M0 Mode bit 0
(MSB) (LSB)
GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 0
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
C/T (Clock/Timer)
• This bit is used to decide whether the
timer is used as a delay generator or an
event counter.
• C/T = 0 : timer
• C/T = 1 : counter

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Gate
• Every timer has a mean of starting and stopping.
– GATE=0
• Internal control
• The start and stop of the timer are controlled by way of
software.
• Set/clear the TR for start/stop timer.
– GATE=1
• External control
• The hardware way of starting and stopping the timer by
software and an external source.
• Timer/counter is enabled only while the INT pin is high
and the TR control pin is set (TR).

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


M1, M0
• M0 and M1 select the timer mode for timers 0 & 1.

M1 M0 Mode Operating Mode


0 0 0 13-bit timer mode
8-bit THx + 5-bit TLx (x= 0 or 1)
0 1 1 16-bit timer mode
8-bit THx + 8-bit TLx
1 0 2 8-bit auto reload
8-bit auto reload timer/counter;
THx holds a value which is to be reloaded into
TLx each time it overflows.
1 1 3 Split timer mode
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Timer/Counter Control Logic
Timer
XTAL
oscillator 12 ÷
C/T = 0

Counter C/T = 1
T1/0 Input Pin
TR0/1

Gate

INT1/0 Input Pin

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Example
Find the value for TMOD if we want to program timer 0 in mode 2,
use 8051 XTAL for the clock source, and use instructions to start
and stop the timer.
Solution:

timer 1 timer 0
TMOD= 0000 0010 Timer 1 is not used.
Timer 0, mode 2,
C/T = 0 to use XTAL clock source (timer)
gate = 0 to use internal (software)
start and stop method.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Interrupt :

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Interrupt Enable Register :

• EA : Global enable/disable.
• --- : Undefined.
• ET2 :Enable Timer 2 interrupt (Reserved for Future Use).
• ES :Enable Serial port interrupt.
• ET1 :Enable Timer 1 overflow interrupt.
• EX1 :Enable External 1 interrupt.
• ET0 : Enable Timer 0 overflow interrupt.
• EX0 : Enable External 0 interrupt.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Interrupt Priority Special Function Register :

PT2 PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0

• --- : Undefined.
• --- : Undefined.
• PT2 : Reserved for Future Use
• PS : Priority of Serial port interrupt. Set/cleared by program
• PT1 : Priority of timer1 overflow interrupt. Set/cleared by program
• PX1 : Priority of external interrupt1. Set/cleared by program
• PT0 : Priority of timer 0 overflow interrupt. Set/cleared by program
• PX0 : Priority of external interrupt0. Set/cleared by program

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


I/O Port Programming
Port 1 ( pins 1-8 )

• Port 1 is denoted by P1.


– P1.0 ~ P1.7
• We use P1 as examples to show the operations on ports.
– P1 as an output port (i.e., write CPU data to the external pin)
– P1 as an input port (i.e., read pin data into CPU bus)

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


A Pin of Port 1

Read latch Vcc


TB2
Load(L1)

Internal CPU D Q P1.X


bus P1.X pin

Write to latch Clk Q M1

TB1
Read pin P0.x

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


8051 IC
Hardware Structure of I/O Pin
• Each pin of I/O ports
– Internal CPU bus : communicate with CPU
– A D latch store the value of this pin
• D latch is controlled by “Write to latch”
– Write to latch = 1 : write data into the D latch
– 2 Tri-state buffer :
• TB1: controlled by “Read pin”
– Read pin = 1 : really read the data present at the pin
• TB2: controlled by “Read latch”
– Read latch = 1 : read value from internal latch
– A transistor M1 gate
• Gate=0: open
• Gate=1: close
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Tri-state Buffer

Output Input

Tri-state control
(active high)

L L H H Low

H H Highimpedance
(open-circuit)

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Writing “1” to Output Pin P1.X

Read latch Vcc


TB2
Load(L1) 2. output pin is
1. write a 1 to the pin Vcc
D Q 1 P1.X
Internal CPU
bus P1.X pin
0 output 1
Write to latch Clk Q M1

TB1
Read pin

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


8051 IC
Writing “0” to Output Pin P1.X

Read latch Vcc


TB2
Load(L1) 2. output pin is
1. write a 0 to the pin ground
D Q 0 P1.X
Internal CPU
bus P1.X pin
1 output 0
Write to latch Clk Q M1

TB1
Read pin

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


8051 IC
Port 1 as Output ( Write to a Port )
• Send data to Port 1 :

MOV A,#55H
BACK: MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
CPL A
SJMP BACK

– Let P1 toggle.
– You can write to P1 directly.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Reading Input v.s. Port Latch
• When reading ports, there are two possibilities :
– Read the status of the input pin. ( from external pin value )
• MOV A, PX
• JNB P2.1, TARGET ; jump if P2.1 is not set
• JB P2.1, TARGET ; jump if P2.1 is set
• Figures C-11, C-12
– Read the internal latch of the output port.
• ANL P1, A ; P1 ← P1 AND A
• ORL P1, A ; P1 ← P1 OR A
• INC P1 ; increase P1
• Figure C-17
• Table C-6 Read-Modify-Write Instruction (or Table 8-5)
• See Section 8.3
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Reading “High” at Input Pin

Read latch Vcc 2. MOV A,P1


TB2 external pin=High
1. write a 1 to the pin MOV Load(L1)
P1,#0FFH

1 1 P1.X pin
Internal CPU bus D Q
P1.X
0 M1
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1
8051 IC
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Reading “Low” at Input Pin

Read latch Vcc 2. MOV A,P1


TB2
1. write a 1 to the pin Load(L1) external pin=Low
MOV P1,#0FFH
1 0 P1.X pin
Internal CPU bus D Q
P1.X
0 M1
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1
8051 IC
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Port 1 as Input ( Read from Port )
• In order to make P1 an input, the port must be programmed by writing 1 to
all the bit.

MOV A,#0FFH ;A=11111111B


MOV P1,A ;make P1 an input port
BACK: MOV A,P1 ;get data from P0
MOV P2,A ;send data to P2
SJMP BACK

– To be an input port, P0, P1, P2 and P3 have similar methods.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Instructions For Reading an Input Port
• Following are instructions for reading external pins of ports:

Mnemonics Examples Description


Bring into A the data at P2
MOV A,PX MOV A,P2
pins
JNB PX.Y,.. JNB P2.1,TARGET Jump if pin P2.1 is low

JB PX.Y,.. JB P1.3,TARGET Jump if pin P1.3 is high

MOV C,PX.Y MOV C,P2.4 Copy status of pin P2.4 to CY

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Reading Latch
• Exclusive-or the Port 1 :
MOV P1,#55H ;P1=01010101
ORL P1,#0F0H ;P1=11110101
1. The read latch activates TB2 and bring the data from the Q latch into
CPU.
• Read P1.0=0
2. CPU performs an operation.
• This data is ORed with bit 1 of register A. Get 1.
3. The latch is modified.
• D latch of P1.0 has value 1.
4. The result is written to the external pin.
• External pin (pin 1: P1.0) has value 1.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Reading the Latch
1. Read pin=0 Read latch=1 Write to
latch=0 (Assume P1.X=0 initially)

Read latch Vcc


TB2
2. CPU compute P1.X OR 1 Load(L1)
0 4. P1.X=1

0 1 P1.X pin
Internal CPU bus D Q
1 P1.X
0
Write to latch Clk Q M1
3. write result to latch Read
pin=0 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1

TB1
Read pin

8051 IC
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Read-modify-write Feature
• Read-modify-write Instructions
– Table C-6
• This features combines 3 actions in a single
instruction :
1. CPU reads the latch of the port
2. CPU perform the operation
3. Modifying the latch
4. Writing to the pin
– Note that 8 pins of P1 work independently.
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Port 1 as Input ( Read from latch )

• Exclusive-or the Port 1 :


MOV P1,#55H ;P1=01010101
AGAIN: XOR P1,#0FFH ;complement
ACALL DELAY
SJMP AGAIN
– Note that the XOR of 55H and FFH gives AAH.
– XOR of AAH and FFH gives 55H.
– The instruction read the data in the latch (not from the pin).
– The instruction result will put into the latch and the pin.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Read-Modify-Write Instructions
Mnemonics Example

ANL ANL P1,A


ORL ORL P1,A
XRL XRL P1,A
JBC PX.Y, TARGET JBC P1.1, TARGET
CPL CPL P1.2
INC INC P1
DEC DEC P1
DJNZ PX, TARGET DJNZ P1,TARGET
MOV PX.Y,C MOV P1.2,C
CLR PX.Y CLR P1.3
SETB PX.Y SETB P1.4

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Other Pins
• P1, P2, and P3 have internal pull-up resisters.
– P1, P2, and P3 are not open drain.
• P0 has no internal pull-up resistors and does not
connects to Vcc inside the 8051.
– P0 is open drain.
– Compare the figures of P1.X and P0.X. 
• However, for a programmer, it is the same to program
P0, P1, P2 and P3.
• All the ports upon RESET are configured as output.
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
A Pin of Port 0

Read latch
TB2

Internal CPU D Q P0.X


bus P1.X pin

Write to latch Clk Q M1

TB1
Read pin P1.x

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


8051 IC
Port 0 ( pins 32-39 )
• P0 is an open drain.
– Open drain is a term used for MOS chips in the
same way that open collector is used for TTL
chips.
• When P0 is used for simple data I/O we must connect
it to external pull-up resistors.
– Each pin of P0 must be connected externally to a
10K ohm pull-up resistor.
– With external pull-up resistors connected upon
reset, port 0 is configured as an output port.
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors

Vcc
10 K

P0.0
DS5000 P0.1

Port 0
P0.2
8751 P0.3
8951 P0.4
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Dual Role of Port 0
• When connecting an 8051/8031 to an external memory, the 8051
uses ports to send addresses and read instructions.
– 8031 is capable of accessing 64K bytes of external memory.
– 16-bit address : P0 provides both address A0-A7, P2 provides
address A8-A15.
– Also, P0 provides data lines D0-D7.
• When P0 is used for address/data multiplexing, it is connected to the
74LS373 to latch the address.
– There is no need for external pull-up resistors as shown in
Chapter 14.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


74LS373
PSEN OE
ALE 74LS373 OC
G
P0.0 A0
D
P0.7 A7

D0
D7
EA

P2.0 A8
P2.7 A15

8051
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath ROM
Reading ROM (1/2)
2. 74373 latches the
1. Send address to
PSEN address and send to
ROM OE
ALE ROM
G 74LS373 OC
P0.0 A0
D
P0.7 A7
Address

D0
D7
EA

P2.0 A8
P2.7 A12

8051 ROM
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath
Reading ROM (2/2)
2. 74373 latches the
address and send to
PSEN ROM OE
ALE 74LS373 OC
G
P0.0 A0
D
P0.7 Address A7

D0
D7
EA 3. ROM send the
instruction back
P2.0 A8
P2.7 A12

8051
Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath ROM
ALE Pin
• The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the
address and data by connecting to the G pin of
the 74LS373 latch.
– When ALE=0, P0 provides data D0-D7.
– When ALE=1, P0 provides address A0-A7.
– The reason is to allow P0 to multiplex address and
data.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Port 2 ( pins 21-28 )
• Port 2 does not need any pull-up resistors since
it already has pull-up resistors internally.
• In an 8031-based system, P2 are used to
provide address A8-A15.

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath


Port 3 ( pins 10-17 )
• Port 3 does not need any pull-up resistors since it already
has pull-up resistors internally.
• Although port 3 is configured as an output port upon reset,
this is not the way it is most commonly used.
• Port 3 has the additional function of providing signals.
– Serial communications signal : RxD, TxD.
– External interrupt : /INT0, /INT1 (
– Timer/counter : T0, T1 ()
– External memory accesses in 8031-based system :
/WR, /RD ( s

Sunday, April 12, 2009 Munish Vashishath

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