Directions in crystal

We choose one lattice point on the line as an origin, say the point O. Choice of origin is completely arbitrary, since every lattice point is identical. Then we choose the lattice vector joining O to any point on the line, say point T. This vector can be written as; R = n1 a + n2 b + n3c To distinguish a lattice direction from a lattice point, the triple is enclosed in square brackets [ ...] is used.[n1n2n3] [n1n2n3] is the smallest integer of the same relative ratios.
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Fig. Shows [111] direction

Directions in crystal
Direction A 1. Two points are 1, 0, 0, and 0, 0, 0 2. 1, 0, 0, -0, 0, 0 = 1, 0, 0 3. No fractions to clear or integers to reduce 4. [100] Direction B 1. Two points are 1, 1, 1 and 0, 0, 0 2. 1, 1, 1, -0, 0, 0 = 1, 1, 1 3. No fractions to clear or integers to reduce 4. [111] Direction C 1. Two points are 0, 0, 1 and 1/2, 1, 0 2. 0, 0, 1 - 1/2, 1, 0 = -1/2, -1, 1 3. 2(-1/2, -1, 1) = -1, -2, 2

4. [ 1 2 2]
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More examples

Directions in crystal

210

X=1,Y=,Z=0 [1 0] [2 1 0]
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X= ,Y=,Z=1 [ 1] [1 1 2]

Directions in crystal

X = -1 , Y = -1 , Z = 0

[110]

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Directions in crystal

We can move vector to the origin.

X =-1 , Y = 1 , Z = -1/6 [-1 1 -1/6] [6 6 1]

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Crystal directions may be grouped in families. To avoid confusion there exists a convention in the choice of brackets surrounding the three numbers to differentiate a crystal direction from a family of direction. For a direction, square brackets [hkl] are used to indicate an individual direction. Angle brackets <hkl> indicate a family of directions. A family of directions includes any directions that are equivalent in length and types of atoms encountered. For example, in a cubic lattice, the [100], [010], and [001] directions all belong to the <100> family of planes because they are equivalent. If the cubic lattice were rotated 90 , the a, b, and c directions would remain indistinguishable, and there would be no way of telling on which crystallographic positions the atoms are situated, so the family of directions is the same.
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Equivalency of crystallographic directions of a form in cubic systems.

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The position of basis or atoms in the conventional cell is often expressed in terms of the axes defining the cell. For instance, the position of the body-centred atoms is 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 and the face-centred atom is 1/2, 1/2, 0.

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INDEX SYSTEM FOR CRYSTAL PLANES

MILLER INDICES In Solid State Physics, it is important to be able to specify a plane or a set of planes in the crystal. This is normally done by using the Miller indices. The use and definition of these Miller indices are as follows Find the intercepts on the axes in terms of the lattice constants a1, a2 , a3. The axes may be those of a primitive or nonprimitive cell. Take the reciprocals of these numbers and then reduce to three integers having the same ratio, usually the smallest integers. The results, enclosed in parentheses (hkl), is called the index of the plane.

Figure 13. This plane intercepts the a1, a2 , a3. axes at 3a, 2b, 2c. The reciprocals of these numbers are . The smallest three integers having the same ratio are 2, 3, 3, and thus the Miller indices of the plane are (233).
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MILLER INDICES
If the plane cuts an axis at infinity, the corresponding index will be zero. By convention, if the intercept has a negative value, the corresponding index is also negative. A minus sign is normally placed above that index in the bracket.

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MILLER INDICES
Axis
Intercept points Reciprocals Smallest Ratio

1 1

1/1 1/ 1/

(1,0,0)

Miller ndices

(100)

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MILLER INDICES
Axis
Intercept points Reciprocals Smallest Ratio

1 1

1 1

0 (110)

1/1 1/ 1 1/

(0,1,0) (1,0,0)

Miller ndices

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MILLER INDICES
Axis
Intercept points Reciprocals (0,1,0)
(1/2, 0, 0)

1/2 2

1 1

1/() 1/ 1 1/

Smallest Ratio

Miller ndices

(210)

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MILLER INDICES
Miller indices are also used to denote a set of planes which are parallel. For instance, the plane (200) is parallel to (100). The former cuts the x-axis at /2. Also by symmetry, many sets of planes, e.g. all the faces of a cube, may be represented by a single set of Miller indices (100). In this case the curly bracket is used, hence {100}. In other words the {100} automatically includes the planes (100), (010) and (001).
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Plane A 1. x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 2.1/x = 1, 1/y = 1,1 /z = 1 3. No fractions to clear 4. (111) Plane B

1. The plane never intercepts the z axis, so x = 1, y = 2, and z= 2.1/x = 1, 1/y =1/2, 1/z = 0 3. Clear fractions: 1/x = 2, 1/y = 1, 1/z = 0 4. (210) Plane C
1. We must move the origin, since the plane passes through 0, 0, 0. Lets move the origin one lattice parameter in the ydirection. Then, x = , y = -1, and z = 2.1/x = 0, 1/y = 1, 1/z = 0 3. No fractions to clear.

4. ( 0 1 0)
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