M05640020220124029M0564 PSBD Pert 15-16 Additional DML VerMA10mei13

Course Name Year
: Introduction of Database System : 2012
SQL : Data Manipulation Week 8-11
Outline Material
Purpose and importance of SQL. How to retrieve data from database using SELECT and: Use compound WHERE conditions. Sort query results using ORDER BY. Use aggregate functions. Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING. Use subqueries. Join tables together. Perform set operations (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT).
How to update database using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
Pearson Education 2009
Objectives of SQL
Ideally, database language should allow user to:
create the database and relation structures; perform insertion, modification, deletion of data from relations; perform simple and complex queries.
Must perform these tasks with minimal user effort and command structure/syntax must be easy to learn. It must be portable.
Objectives of SQL
SQL is a transform-oriented language with 2 major components:
A DDL for defining database structure and controlling access data. A DML for retrieving and updating data.
SQL is relatively easy to learn:

it is non-procedural - you specify what information you require, rather than how to get it; it is essentially free-format.
Objectives of SQL
Consists of standard English words: 1) CREATE TABLE Staff(staffNo VARCHAR(5), lName VARCHAR(15), salary DECIMAL(7,2)); 2) INSERT INTO Staff VALUES (SG16, Brown, 8300); 3) SELECT staffNo, lName, salary FROM Staff WHERE salary > 10000;
Objectives of SQL
Can be used by range of users including DBAs, management, application developers, and other types of end users.
An ISO standard now exists for SQL, making it both the formal and de facto standard language for relational databases.
Writing SQL Commands

SQL statement consists of reserved words and userdefined words.
Reserved words are a fixed part of SQL and must be spelt exactly as required and cannot be split across lines. User-defined words are made up by user and represent names of various database objects such as relations, columns, views.

Most components of an SQL statement are case insensitive, except for literal character data. More readable with indentation and lineation:
Each clause should begin on a new line. Start of a clause should line up with start of other clauses. If clause has several parts, should each appear on a separate line and be indented under start of clause.

Use extended form of BNF notation: - Upper-case letters represent reserved words.
- Lower-case letters represent user-defined words. - | indicates a choice among alternatives. - Curly braces indicate a required element. - Square brackets indicate an optional element. - indicates optional repetition (0 or more).
Literals
Literals are constants used in SQL statements. All non-numeric literals must be enclosed in single quotes (e.g. London). All numeric literals must not be enclosed in quotes (e.g. 650.00).
SELECT Statement
SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] {* | [columnExpression [AS newName]] [,...] } FROM TableName [alias] [, ...] [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY columnList] [HAVING condition] [ORDER BY columnList]
Order of the clauses cannot be changed.

Only SELECT and FROM are mandatory.
SELECT Statement
SELECT FROM WHERE GROUP BY HAVING ORDER BY Specifies which columns are to appear in output. Specifies table(s) to be used. Filters rows or Join Condition. Forms groups of rows with same column value. Filters groups subject to some condition. Specifies the order of the output.
Entity Relationship Diagram
Bina Nusantara University
14
Example: SELECT t.Kode_Pelanggan AS [Kode Pelanggan], Nama_Pelanggan, Jenis_Pembayaran, COUNT(*) AS Total_Jumlah_Transaksi FROM Pelanggan p, Transaksi t WHERE p.Kode_Pelanggan=t.Kode_Pelanggan AND MONTH(Tgl_Transaksi)=3 OR MONTH(Tgl_Transaksi)=4 AND YEAR(Tgl_Transaksi)=2013
GROUP BY t.Kode_Pelanggan, Nama_Pelanggan, Jenis_Pembayaran

HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 ORDER BY t.Kode_Pelanggan, Jenis_Pembayaran DESC;
Menampilkan: Kode_Pelanggan (diberi alias [Kode Pelanggan] supaya dapat mengandung spasi dan diawali dengan alias tabel Transaksi untuk mengatasi ambiguitas 1 atribut ada di 2 tabel yang berbeda), Nama_Pelanggan, Jenis_Pembayaran, total jumlah transaksi yang dilakukan (diberi alias Total_Jumlah_Transaksi). Berasal dari tabel: Pelanggan (diberi alias p) dan Transaksi (diberi alias t) Kondisi Filter/Join: Join antara tabel Pelanggan dan Transaksi, Filter transaksi yang terjadi pada bulan Maret 2013 sampai April 2013 Dikelompokkan berdasarkan: Kode_Pelanggan, Nama_Pelanggan, Jenis_Transaksi
Filter Group: yang memenuhi COUNT(*)>=2

Diurutkan berdasarkan: (1) Kode_Pelanggan secara menaik lalu (2) Jenis_Pembayaran secara menurun
Kode_ Pelan ggan
Nama_Pela nggan
Kode_Transaksi
Tgl_Transaksi
Jenis_Pembayaran
Jenis _Tra nsak si
Kode_Pelang gan
A001
Aditya
0103130001
1 March 2013
Cash
A001
B001
Budiman
0203130001
2 March 2013
Cash
B001
D001
Dani
0203130002
2 March 2013
Cash
A001
0303130001
3 March 2013
Cash
A001
0104130001
1 April 2013
Credit Card
A001
0104130002
1 April 2013
Debit Card
B001
0204130001
2 April 2013
Debit Card
B001
0204130002
2 April 2013
Credit Card
A001
Tgl_Transaksi
Jenis_Pembayaran
Kode_Pelanggan
1 March 2013
Cash
A001 Kode Pelanggan Nama_Pelanggan Jenis_Pembayaran
Total_Jum
2 March 2013
Cash
B001 A001 Aditya Cash 3
2 March 2013
Cash
A001 A001 Aditya Credit Card 2
3 March 2013
Cash
A001 B001 2 Maret 2013 Cash 1
1 April 2013
Credit Card
A001 B001 3 Maret 2013 Debit Card 2
1 April 2013
Debit Card
B001
Keterangan: Sebelum HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 diterapkan

2 April 2013 Debit Card B001
2 April 2013
Credit Card
A001
Kode Pelanggan
Nama_Pelanggan
Jenis_Pembayaran
Total_Jumlah_Transaksi
A001
Aditya
Cash
A001
Aditya
Credit Card
B001
3 Maret 2013 HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 Debit Card Keterangan: Setelah diterapkan
Example 1 All Columns, All Rows

Menampilkan semua detail/atribut dari tabel Transaksi: SELECT Kode_Transaksi, Tgl_Transaksi, Jenis_Pembayaran, Jenis_Transaksi, Kode_Pelanggan FROM Transaksi;
Kode_Transaksi Tgl_Transaksi Jenis_Pembayaran Jenis_Transaksi Kode_Pelanggan Dapat
menggunakan sebagai
pengganti
0103130001 1 March 2013 Cash A001
penulisan semua SELECT * FROM Transaksi;
kolom/atribut:
0203130001 2 March 2013 Cash B001
0203130002
2 March 2013
Cash
A001
0303130001
3 March 2013
Cash
A001
0104130001
1 April 2013
Credit Card
A001
0104130002
1 April 2013
Debit Card
B001
0204130001
2 April 2013
Debit Card
B001
0204130002
2 April 2013
Credit Card Pearson Education 2009
A001
Example 2 Specific Columns, All Rows

Menampilkan kode transaksi, tanggal transaksi dan jenis pembayaran dari tabel transaksi SELECT Kode_Transaksi, Tgl_Transaksi, Jenis_Pembayaran FROM Transaksi;
Kode_Transaksi
Tgl_Transaksi
Jenis_Pembayaran
0103130001
1 March 2013
Cash
0203130001
2 March 2013
Cash
0203130002
2 March 2013
Cash
0303130001
3 March 2013
Cash
0104130001
1 April 2013
Credit Card
0104130002
1 April 2013
Debit Card
0204130001
2 April 2013
Debit Card
0204130002
2 April 2013

Credit Card
Example 3 Use of DISTINCT

Menampilkan kode pelanggan pada tabel transaksi: SELECT Kode_Pelanggan FROM Transaksi; Menghapus duplikasi dengan menggunakan DISTINCT: SELECT DISTINCT Kode_Pelanggan FROM Transaksi;
B001 Kode_Pelanggan Kode_Pelanggan A001
B001
A001
A001
A001
B001
A001
A001
B001 Pearson Education 2009
Example 4 Calculated Fields

Menghasilkan sub total barang yang dibeli pada detail transaksi yang menampilkan kode transaksi, kode produk, jumlah dan harga satuan. SELECT Kode_Transaksi, Kode_Produk, Jumlah, Harga_Satuan, Jumlah*Harga_Satuan AS Sub_Total
FROM Detail_Transaksi;
Kode_Transaksi
Kode_Produk
Jumlah
Harga_Satuan
Sub_Total
0103130001
P0001
1000
1000
2000
0203130001
P0001
1000
0203130001
P0002
5000
15000
0203130002
P0002
5000
25000
0203130002
P0003
25000
1000
100000
0303130001
P0001
3000
0303130001
P0002
5000
25000
0303130001
P0003
25000
25000
Example 5 Comparison Search Condition

Menampilkan detail transaksi yang membeli produk dengan harga satuan lebih besar dari 4000. SELECT * FROM Detail_Transaksi WHERE Harga_Satuan > 4000;
Kode_Transaksi Kode_Produk Jumlah Harga_Satuan
0203130001
P0002
5000
0203130002
P0002
5000
0203130002
P0003
25000
0303130001
P0002
5000
0303130001
P0003
25000
Example 6 Compound Comparison Search Condition

Menampilkan transaksi dengan jenis pembayaran yang menggunakan Credit Card atau Debit Card: SELECT * FROM Transaksi WHERE Jenis_Pembayaran = Credit Card OR Jenis_Pembayaran = Debit Card;
Kode_Transaksi
Tgl_Transaksi
Jenis_Pembayaran
Jenis_Transaksi
Kode_Pelanggan
0104130001
1 April 2013
Credit Card
A001
0104130002
1 April 2013
Debit Card
B001
0204130001
2 April 2013
Debit Card
B001
0204130002
2 April 2013
Pearson Education 2009 Credit Card
A001
Example 7 Set Membership

Menampilkan transaksi dengan jenis pembayaran yang menggunakan Credit Card atau Debit Card: SELECT * FROM Transaksi WHERE Jenis_Pembayaran IN (Credit Card, Debit Card); IN is more efficient when set contains many values. There is a negated version (NOT IN). Menampilkan transaksi dengan jenis pembayaran SELAIN Credit Card atau Debit Card (yakni Cash): SELECT * FROM Transaksi WHERE Jenis_Pembayaran NOT IN (Credit Card, Debit Card);
Example 8 Range Search Condition

Menampilkan detail transaksi yang membeli produk dengan harga satuan antara 5000 dan 30000: SELECT * FROM Detail_Transaksi WHERE Harga_Satuan BETWEEN 5000 AND 30000; Could also write: SELECT * FROM Detail_Transaksi WHERE Harga_Satuan >=5000 AND Harga_Satuan <= 30000; BETWEEN test includes the endpoints of range. Also a negated version NOT BETWEEN.
Example 8 Range Search Condition

Menampilkan detail transaksi yang membeli produk dengan harga satuan diluar range 5000 dan 30000: SELECT * FROM Detail_Transaksi WHERE Harga_Satuan NOT BETWEEN 5000 AND 30000; Could also write: SELECT * FROM Detail_Transaksi WHERE Harga_Satuan <5000 OR Harga_Satuan > 30000;
Example 9 Pattern Matching

SQL has two special pattern matching symbols: %: sequence of zero or more characters; _ (underscore): any single character.
LIKE %Baby% means a sequence of characters of any length containing Baby.

Menampilkan detail transaksi dengan kode transaksi bernilai 0113 pada karakter 3 sampai dengan 6 (Januari 2013): SELECT * FROM Detail_Transaksi WHERE Kode_Transaksi LIKE '_ _ 0113%'
Example 9 Pattern Matching

Menampilkan semua produk yang mengandung kata 'Baby' pada namanya: SELECT * FROM Produk
WHERE Nama_Produk LIKE %Baby%;

Baby Oil, Tissue for Baby, Zwitsal Baby Hair Lotion Menampilkan semua produk yang berawalan kata 'Baby' pada namanya:
SELECT * FROM Produk

WHERE Nama_Produk LIKE Baby%; Baby Oil, Baby Hair Lotion
Menampilkan semua produk yang berakhiran kata 'Baby' pada namanya:

SELECT * FROM Produk WHERE Nama_Produk LIKE %Baby; Tissue for Baby, Cuddle Warm Baby
Example 10 NULL Search Condition

Menampilkan transaksi yang dilakukan oleh selain Pelanggan, dimana atribut Kode_Pelanggan tidak ada isinya.
Have to test for null explicitly using special keyword IS NULL: SELECT Kode_Transaksi
FROM Transaksi WHERE Kode_Pelanggan IS NULL; Kode_Transaksi 0105130001
Negated version (IS NOT NULL) can test for non-null values.
Example 11 Single Column Ordering

Menampilkan semua produk diurutkan berdasarkan harga secara menurun. SELECT *
FROM Produk ORDER BY Harga_Produk DESC; ASC: menaik (ascending) DESC: menurun (descending) Jika tidak dispesifikasikan, default-nya ascending
Example 12 Multiple Column Ordering

Menampilkan semua produk yang diurutkan berdasarkan kode produk secara menaik kemudian harga secara menurun:
SELECT *
FROM Produk ORDER BY Nama_Produk, Harga_Produk DESC;
SELECT Statement - Aggregates

ISO standard defines five aggregate functions:
COUNT SUM AVG MIN MAX returns number of values in specified column. returns sum of values in specified column. returns average of values in specified column. returns smallest value in specified column. returns largest value in specified column.

Each operates on a single column of a table and returns a single value. COUNT, MIN, and MAX apply to numeric and nonnumeric fields, but SUM and AVG may be used on numeric fields only. Apart from COUNT(*), each function eliminates nulls first and operates only on remaining non-null values.

COUNT(*) counts all rows of a table, regardless of whether nulls or duplicate values occur. Can use DISTINCT before column name to eliminate duplicates. DISTINCT has no effect with MIN/MAX, but may have with SUM/AVG.

Aggregate functions can be used only in SELECT list and in HAVING clause. If SELECT list includes an aggregate function and there is no GROUP BY clause, SELECT list cannot reference a column out with an aggregate function. For example, the following is illegal: SELECT staffNo, COUNT(salary)
FROM Staff;
Example 13 Use of COUNT(*)

Menampilkan ada berapa transaksi yang terjadi pada bulan Maret 2013 dan April 2013 SELECT COUNT(*) AS myCount FROM Transaksi WHERE MONTH(Tgl_Transaksi) IN (3,4) AND YEAR(Tgl_Transaksi)= 2013;
Kode_Transaksi
Tgl_Transaksi
....
0103130001
1 March 2013
0203130001
2 March 2013
0203130002
2 March 2013
0303130001
3 March 2013
0104130001
1 April 2013
myCount
0104130002 1 April 2013
8
0204130001 2 April 2013
0204130002
2 April 2013
37
Example 14 Use of COUNT(DISTINCT)

Ada berapa pelanggan yang melakukan transaksi di bulan Maret 2013? SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Kode_Pelanggan) AS myCount FROM Transaksi WHERE Tgl_Transaksi BETWEEN 1March-2013 AND 31-March-2013;
Kode_Transaksi
Tgl_Transaksi
Kode_Pelanggan
0103130001
1 March 2013
A001
0203130001
2 March 2013
B001
0203130002
2 March 2013
A001
0303130001
3 March 2013
A001
0104130001
1 April 2013
A001
myCount 2
Bagaimana hasilnya jika: SELECT COUNT(Kode_Pelanggan) AS myCount .........
0204130001 2 April 2013 B001 38 0104130002 1 April 2013 B001
0204130002 Pearson Education 2009
2 April 2013
A001
Example 15 Use of COUNT, SUM, MAX, MIN, AVG

Menampilkan jumlah transaksi, total jumlah produk, harga satuan terbesar, harga satuan terkecil, dan rata-rata harga satuan dari produk dengan harga satuan lebih besar dari 4000 dari Tabel DETAIL TRANSAKSI. SELECT COUNT(Kode_Transaksi) AS JmlTransaksi, SUM(Jumlah) AS JmlProduk, MAX(Harga_Satuan) AS HargaMax, MIN(Harga_Satuan) AS HargaMin, AVG(Harga_Satuan) AS HargaAvg FROM Detail_Transaksi
Kode_Trans aksi Kode_ Produk Ju mla h Harga_SaWHERE Harga_Satuan > 4000; tuan
0203130001
P0002
5000
0203130002
P0002
5000
jmlTransaksi 5
jmlProduk 18
HargaMax 25000
HargaMin 5000
HargaAvg 13000
0203130002
P0003
25000
0303130001
P0002
5000
SELECT Statement - Grouping

Use GROUP BY clause to get sub-totals. SELECT and GROUP BY closely integrated: each item in SELECT list must be single-valued per group, and SELECT clause may only contain: column names aggregate functions constants expression involving combinations of the above.
SELECT Statement - Grouping

All column names in SELECT list must appear in GROUP BY clause unless name is used only in an aggregate function.
If WHERE is used with GROUP BY, WHERE is applied first, then groups are formed from remaining rows satisfying predicate.
ISO considers two nulls to be equal for purposes of GROUP BY.
Example 16 Use of GROUP BY
Menampilkan jumlah jenis produk, grand total transaksi yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan kode transaksi: SELECT Kode_Transaksi, COUNT(Kode_Produk) AS myCount, Kode_Transaksi Kode_Pr Jumlah Harga_S Sub_Tota oduk atuan SUM(Jumlah*Harga_Satuan) AS mySum FROM Detail_Transaksi 0103130001 P0001 2 1000 2 GROUP BY Kode_Transaksi ORDER BY Kode_Transaksi;
0203130001 Kode_Transaksi myCount 1 0103130001 2 0203130001 2 0203130002 3 0303130001
P0001
1000
mySum 2000 0203130001 P0002 3 5000
15
16000
0203130002
P0002
5000
25
125000
0203130002
P0003
25000
100
53000
0303130001
P0001
1000
0303130001
P0002
5000
25
Restricted Groupings HAVING clause

HAVING clause is designed for use with GROUP BY to restrict groups that appear in final result table. Similar to WHERE, but WHERE filters individual rows whereas HAVING filters groups. Column names in HAVING clause must also appear in the GROUP BY list or be contained within an aggregate function.
Example 17 Use of HAVING

Menampilkan jumlah jenis produk, grand total transaksi yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan kode transaksi serta minimal membeli 2 jenis produk: SELECT Kode_Transaksi, COUNT(Kode_Produk) AS myCount, SUM(Jumlah*Harga_Satuan) AS mySum FROM Detail_Transaksi GROUP BY Kode_Transaksi HAVING COUNT(Kode_Produk)>=2 ORDER BY Kode_Transaksi; 0203130001 P0001 1 1000 0103130001 P0001 2 1000 Kode_Transaksi Kode_P roduk Jumlah Harga_ Satuan Sub_Total
2000
1000
0203130001
Kode_Transaksi myCount 2 mySum 16000
P0002
5000
15000
0203130002
P0002
5000
25000
0203130001
2 125000
0203130002
P0003
25000
100000
0203130002
3 53000
0303130001
P0001
1000
3000
0303130001
Pearson Education 2009 0303130001
P0002
5000
25000
Subqueries
Some SQL statements embedded within them. can have a SELECT
A subselect can be used in WHERE and HAVING clauses of an outer SELECT, where it is called a subquery or nested query. Subselects may also appear in INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements.
Example 18 Subquery with Equality

Menampilkan transaksi yang dilakukan oleh pelanggan yang bernama Budiman. Dimana equality (=) hanya mengembalikan 1 nilai pada sub query. SELECT* FROM Transaksi WHERE Kode_Pelanggan = (SELECT Kode_Pelanggan FROM Pelanggan WHERE Nama_Pelanggan = Budiman);
B001 Budiman A001 Aditya Kode_Pelanggan Nama_Pelanggan
D001
Dani
Inner SELECT mencari Kode_Pelanggan untuk Pelanggan bernama Budiman (B001). Outer SELECT kemudian menampilkan transaksi yang dilakukan oleh Budiman. Outer SELECT menjadi: SELECT * FROM Transaksi WHERE Kode_Pelanggan = B001;
Example 18 Subquery with Equality

Inner SELECT finds Kode_Pelanggan for branch at Kode_Transkasi Tgl_Transaksi Jenis_Pembayaran Jenis_Transaksi Kode_Pelanggan 163 Main St (B003 ). Outer SELECT then becomes:
0203130001
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position 2 March 2013 Cash B001 FROM Staff WHERE branchNo = B003;
1 April 2013 Debit Card B001
0104130002
0204130001
2 April 2013
Debit Card
B001
Subquery Rules
ORDER BY clause may not be used in a subquery (although it may be used in outermost SELECT). Subquery SELECT list must consist of a single column name or expression, except for subqueries that use EXISTS. By default, column names refer to table name in FROM clause of subquery. Can refer to a table in FROM using an alias. When subquery is an operand in a comparison, subquery must appear on right-hand side. A subquery may not be used as an operand in an expression.
Example 19 Nested subquery: use of IN

Menampilkan transaksi yang dilakukan oleh pelanggan yang namanya diawali dengan huruf A. SELECT * FROM Transaksi WHERE Kode_Pelanggan IN (SELECT Kode_Pelanggan FROM Pelanggan WHERE Nama_Pelanggan LIKE 'A%');
Jika Equality(=) hanya ada 1 nilai yang dikembalikan oleh sub query, sedangkan IN bisa mengembalikan lebih dari 1 nilai.
EXISTS and NOT EXISTS

EXISTS and NOT EXISTS are for use only with subqueries. Produce a simple true/false result.
True if and only if there exists at least one row in result table returned by subquery.
False if subquery returns an empty result table.
NOT EXISTS is the opposite of EXISTS.
EXISTS and NOT EXISTS

As (NOT) EXISTS check only for existence or nonexistence of rows in subquery result table, subquery can contain any number of columns.
Common for subqueries following (NOT) EXISTS to be of form:

(SELECT * ...)
Example 20 Query using EXISTS

Menampilkan transaksi yang dilakukan oleh pelanggan yang namanya diawali dengan huruf A. SELECT * FROM Transaksi t WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM Pelanggan p WHERE Nama_Pelanggan LIKE 'A%' AND t.Kode_Pelanggan = p.Kode_Pelanggan);
Bisa juga ditulis menggunakan JOIN: SELECT t.* FROM Transaksi t, Pelanggan p WHERE Nama_Pelanggan LIKE 'A%' AND t.Kode_Pelanggan = p.Kode_Pelanggan;
ANY and ALL

ANY and ALL may be used with subqueries that produce a single column of numbers. With ALL, condition will only be true if it is satisfied by all values produced by subquery. With ANY, condition will be true if it is satisfied by any values produced by subquery. If subquery is empty, ALL returns true, ANY returns false. SOME may be used in place of ANY.
Example 21 Use of ANY/SOME

Tampilkan produk yang memiliki harga lebih besar dari minimal salah satu harga satuan produk yang dibeli pada tabel detail transaski.
SELECT * FROM Produk WHERE Harga > SOME (SELECT Harga_Satuan FROM Detail_Transaksi);

Inner query menghasilkan himpunan {1000, 5000, 25000} dan outer query memilih Produk-Produk yang memiliki harga lebih besar dari minimal salah satu nilai di himpunan tersebut.
Kode_Produk P1
P2
Nama_Produk A
B
Harga 1000
5000
P3
P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
C
D E F G H
25000
500 30000 10000 2500 27500

Inner query menghasilkan himpunan {1000, 5000, 25000} dan outer query memilih Produk-Produk yang memiliki harga lebih besar dari minimal salah satu nilai di himpunan tersebut.
Kode_Produk P2 P3 P5 P6 P7 P8 Nama_Produk B C E F G H Harga 5000 25000 30000 10000 2500 27500
Example 22 Use of ALL

Tampilkan produk yang memiliki harga lebih besar dari semua harga satuan produk yang dibeli pada tabel detail transaski. SELECT * FROM Produk WHERE Harga > ALL (SELECT Harga_Satuan FROM Detail_Transaksi);
Kode_Produk P5 P8 Nama_Produk E H Harga 30000 27500
Multi-Table Queries
Can use subqueries provided result columns come from same table. If result columns come from more than one table must use a join. To perform join, include more than one table in FROM clause.
Use comma as separator and typically include WHERE clause to specify join column(s).
Also possible to use an alias for a table named in FROM clause. Alias is separated from table name with a space.
Alias can be used to qualify column names when there is ambiguity.
Example 23 Simple Join

Menampilkan pelanggan yang pernah melakukan transaksi beserta kode dan tanggal transaksi. SELECT p.Kode_Pelanggan AS [Kode Pelanggan], Nama_Pelanggan, Kode_Transaksi, Tgl_Transaksi FROM Pelanggan p, Transaksi t WHERE p.Kode_Pelanggan = t.Kode_Pelanggan;
Only those rows from both tables that have identical values in the Kode_Pelanggan columns (p.Kode_Pelanggan = t.Kode_Pelanggan) are included in result.
Equivalent to equi-join in relational algebra.
Example 23 Simple Join

Kode Pelanggan
Nama_Pelangga n
Kode_Transkasi
Tgl_Transaksi
A001
Aditya
0103130001
1 March 2013
B001
Budiman
0203130001
2 March 2013
A001
Aditya
0203130002
2 March 2013
A001
Aditya
0303130001
3 March 2013
Only those rows from both tables that have identical values in the Kode_Pelanggan columns (p.Kode_Pelanggan = t.Kode_Pelanggan) are included in result. Equivalent to equijoin in relational algebra.
A001
Aditya
0104130001
1 April 2013
B001
Budiman
0104130002
1 April 2013
B001
Budiman
0204130001
2 April 2013
Alternative JOIN Constructs

SQL provides alternative ways to specify joins: FROM Pelanggan p JOIN Transaksi t ON p.Kode_Pelanggan = t.Kode_Pelanggan FROM Pelanggan JOIN Transaksi USING Kode_Pelanggan FROM Pelanggan NATURAL JOIN Transaksi In each case, FROM replaces original FROM and WHERE. However, first produces table with two identical Kode_Pelanggan columns.
Example 24 Three Table Join

Menampilkan kode transaksi, tanggal transaksi, kode produk, nama produk, jumlah produk yang dibeli. SELECT t.Kode_Transaksi AS [Kode Transaksi], Tgl_Transaksi, p.Kode_Produk AS [Kode Produk], Nama_Produk, Jumlah FROM Transaksi t, Detail_Transaksi dt, Produk p WHERE t.Kode_Transaksi = dt.Kode_Transaksi AND dt.Kode_Produk = p.Kode_Produk ORDER BY t.Kode_Transaksi, p.Kode_Produk; Alternative formulation for FROM and WHERE: FROM (Transaksi t JOIN Detail_Transaksi Kode_Transaksi) AS tdt JOIN Produk p USING Kode_Produk
dt
USING
Example 24 Three Table Join

Kode_Transkasi
Tgl_Transaksi
Kode_Produk
Nama_Produk
Jumlah
0103130001
1 March 2013
P0001
0203130001
2 March 2013
P0001
0203130001
2 March 2013
P0002
0203130002
2 March 2013
P0002
0203130002
2 March 2013
P0003
0303130001
3 March 2013
P0001
0303130001
3 March 2013
P0002
3 March 2013
Outer Joins
If one row of a joined table is unmatched, row is omitted from result table. Outer join operations retain rows that do not satisfy the join condition. Consider following tables:
Outer Joins
The (inner) join of these two tables:
SELECT b.*, p.* FROM Branch1 b, PropertyForRent1 p WHERE b.bCity = p.pCity;
Outer Joins
Result table has two rows where cities are same. There are no rows corresponding to branches in Bristol and Aberdeen. To include unmatched rows in result table, use an Outer join.
Example 25 Left Outer Join

List branches and properties that are in same city along with any unmatched branches.
SELECT b.*, p.*

FROM Branch1 b LEFT JOIN PropertyForRent1 p ON b.bCity = p.pCity;
Example 25 Left Outer Join

Includes those rows of first (left) table unmatched with rows from second (right) table. Columns from second table are filled with NULLs.
Example 26 Right Outer Join

List branches and properties in same city and any unmatched properties. SELECT b.*, p.*
FROM Branch1 b RIGHT JOIN PropertyForRent1 p ON b.bCity = p.pCity;
Example 26 Right Outer Join

Right Outer join includes those rows of second (right) table that are unmatched with rows from first (left) table. Columns from first table are filled with NULLs.
Example 27 Full Outer Join

List branches and properties in same city and any unmatched branches or properties. SELECT b.*, p.*
FROM Branch1 b FULL JOIN PropertyForRent1 p ON b.bCity = p.pCity;
Example 27 Full Outer Join

Includes rows that are unmatched in both tables. Unmatched columns are filled with NULLs.
Union, Intersect, and Difference (Except)

Can use normal set operations of Union, Intersection, and Difference to combine results of two or more queries into a single result table. Union of two tables, A and B, is table containing all rows in either A or B or both. Intersection is table containing all rows common to both A and B. Difference is table containing all rows in A but not in B. Two tables must be union compatible.

Format of set operator clause in each case is:
op [ALL] [CORRESPONDING [BY {column1 [, ...]}]]

If CORRESPONDING BY specified, set operation performed on the named column(s). If CORRESPONDING specified but not BY clause, operation performed on common columns. If ALL specified, result can include duplicate rows.
Example 28 Use of UNION

List all cities where there is either a branch office or a property.
(SELECT city FROM Branch WHERE city IS NOT NULL) UNION (SELECT city FROM PropertyForRent WHERE city IS NOT NULL);

Or
(SELECT * FROM Branch WHERE city IS NOT NULL) UNION CORRESPONDING BY city (SELECT * FROM PropertyForRent WHERE city IS NOT NULL);

Produces result tables from both queries and merges both tables together.
Example 30 Use of INTERSECT

List all cities where there is both a branch office and a property.
(SELECT city FROM Branch) INTERSECT (SELECT city FROM PropertyForRent);

Or
(SELECT * FROM Branch) INTERSECT CORRESPONDING BY city (SELECT * FROM PropertyForRent);

Could rewrite operator: this query without INTERSECT
SELECT b.city FROM Branch b PropertyForRent p WHERE b.city = p.city; Or: SELECT DISTINCT city FROM Branch b WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM PropertyForRent p WHERE p.city = b.city);
Example 31 Use of EXCEPT

List of all cities where there is a branch office but no properties. (SELECT city FROM Branch) EXCEPT (SELECT city FROM PropertyForRent); Or (SELECT * FROM Branch) EXCEPT CORRESPONDING BY city (SELECT * FROM PropertyForRent);
Example 31 Use of EXCEPT

Could rewrite this query without EXCEPT:
SELECT DISTINCT city FROM Branch WHERE city NOT IN (SELECT city FROM PropertyForRent);
Or
SELECT DISTINCT city FROM Branch b WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM PropertyForRent p WHERE p.city = b.city);
INSERT
INSERT INTO TableName [ (columnList) ]
VALUES (dataValueList)
columnList is optional; if omitted, SQL assumes a list of all columns in their original CREATE TABLE order. Any columns omitted must have been declared as NULL when table was created, unless DEFAULT was specified when creating column.
INSERT
dataValueList must match columnList as follows:
number of items in each list must be same; must be direct correspondence in position of items in two lists; data type of each item in dataValueList must be compatible with data type of corresponding column.
Example 32 INSERT VALUES

Insert a new row into Staff table supplying data for all columns.
INSERT INTO Staff VALUES (SG16, Alan, Brown, Assistant, M, Date195705-25, 8300, B003);
Example 33 INSERT using Defaults

Insert a new row into Staff table supplying data for all mandatory columns. INSERT INTO Staff (staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary, branchNo) VALUES (SG44, Anne, Jones, Assistant, 8100, B003); Or INSERT INTO Staff VALUES (SG44, Anne, Jones, Assistant, NULL, NULL, 8100, B003);
INSERT SELECT
Second form of INSERT allows multiple rows to be copied from one or more tables to another:
INSERT INTO TableName [ (columnList) ]

SELECT ...
Example 34 INSERT SELECT

Assume there is a table StaffPropCount that contains names of staff and number of properties they manage:
StaffPropCount(staffNo, propCnt)
Populate StaffPropCount PropertyForRent tables.
fName,
lName,
using
Staff
and

INSERT INTO StaffPropCount (SELECT s.staffNo, fName, lName, COUNT(*) FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p WHERE s.staffNo = p.staffNo GROUP BY s.staffNo, fName, lName) UNION (SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, 0 FROM Staff WHERE staffNo NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT staffNo FROM PropertyForRent));
If second part of UNION is omitted, excludes those staff who currently do not manage any properties.
UPDATE
UPDATE TableName SET columnName1 = dataValue1 [, columnName2 = dataValue2...] [WHERE searchCondition]
TableName can be name of a base table or an updatable view. SET clause specifies names of one or more columns that are to be updated.
UPDATE
WHERE clause is optional:
if omitted, named columns are updated for all rows in table; if specified, only those rows that satisfy searchCondition are updated.
New dataValue(s) must be compatible with data type for corresponding column.
Example 35/36 UPDATE All Rows

Give all staff a 3% pay increase. UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.03;
Give all Managers a 5% pay increase.

UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.05 WHERE position = Manager;
Example 37 UPDATE Multiple Columns

Promote David Ford (staffNo=SG14) to Manager and change his salary to 18,000.
UPDATE Staff
SET position = Manager, salary = 18000 WHERE staffNo = SG14;
SET: new values WHERE: conditions or old values
DELETE
DELETE FROM TableName [WHERE searchCondition]
TableName can be name of a base table or an updatable view. searchCondition is optional; if omitted, all rows are deleted from table. This does not delete table. If search_condition is specified, only those rows that satisfy condition are deleted.
Example 38/39 DELETE Specific Rows

Delete all viewings that relate to property PG4. DELETE FROM Viewing
WHERE propertyNo = PG4;
Delete all records from the Viewing table. DELETE FROM Viewing;

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Course Name Year

: Introduction of Database System : 2012

SQL : Data Manipulation Week 8-11

How to update database using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

Pearson Education 2009

Pearson Education 2009

SQL is relatively easy to learn:

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Pearson Education 2009

Pearson Education 2009

Writing SQL Commands

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Writing SQL Commands

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Writing SQL Commands

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Order of the clauses cannot be changed.

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Entity Relationship Diagram

Bina Nusantara University

GROUP BY t.Kode_Pelanggan, Nama_Pelanggan, Jenis_Pembayaran

Filter Group: yang memenuhi COUNT(*)>=2

Kode_ Pelan ggan

Jenis _Tra nsak si

A001 Kode Pelanggan Nama_Pelanggan Jenis_Pembayaran

B001 A001 Aditya Cash 3

A001 A001 Aditya Credit Card 2

A001 B001 2 Maret 2013 Cash 1

A001 B001 3 Maret 2013 Debit Card 2

Keterangan: Sebelum HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 diterapkan

3 Maret 2013 HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 Debit Card Keterangan: Setelah diterapkan

Example 1 All Columns, All Rows

penulisan semua SELECT * FROM Transaksi;

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Example 2 Specific Columns, All Rows

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Example 3 Use of DISTINCT

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Example 4 Calculated Fields

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Example 5 Comparison Search Condition

Example 6 Compound Comparison Search Condition

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Example 7 Set Membership

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Example 8 Range Search Condition

Example 8 Range Search Condition

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Example 9 Pattern Matching

LIKE %Baby% means a sequence of characters of any length containing Baby.

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Example 9 Pattern Matching

WHERE Nama_Produk LIKE %Baby%;

SELECT * FROM Produk

Menampilkan semua produk yang berakhiran kata 'Baby' pada namanya:

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Example 10 NULL Search Condition

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Example 11 Single Column Ordering

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Example 12 Multiple Column Ordering

SELECT b., p.