Black Holes

The Science Behind The Science Fiction

 What is a black

hole?

Do BHs exist in Nature? YES! How do we find them? What do they look like?

Stars Pressure Balances Gravity

From www.astronomynotes.com

The Sun

Eluding Gravitys Grasp

Escape Velocity

2GM Vesc R
Mass M Radius R

Escape Velocity Speed Needed To Escape An Objects Gravitational Pull

Earth: Vesc = 27,000 miles/hour (11 km/s) Sun: Vesc = 1.4 million miles/hour (600 km/s)

Dark Stars
Speed of light 1 billion miles/hour (3x105 km/s)

What if a star were so small, escape speed > speed of light?

A star we couldnt see!

Vesc = speed of light

Earth mass:
Solar mass:

R 1 inch R 2 miles

1915: General Relativity, Einsteins Theory of Gravity 1916: Schwarzschilds Discovery of BHs in GR BHs only understood & accepted in the 1960s (Term Black Hole coined by John Wheeler in 1967)

Albert Einstein

Karl Schwarzschild

Black Holes in GR
If an object is small enough, gravity overwhelms pressure and the object collapses. Gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
Radius of a BH
2 miles for a solar mass 1 inch for an Earth mass

NOT a solid surface

All Mass at the Center (GR not valid there)

Gravity bends the path of light

Massive bodies and escape speed

Gravity bends the path of light

Three parameters completely describe the structure of a black hole

.Mass
.Total electric charge .Spin = angular momentum

Seeing black holes

Gravitational lensing

Basic structure of black hole..

Event horizon

Rotating black holes

A nonrotating black hole has only a center and a surface

Intro: Of fourth dimension

mass bends space-time

Falling into a black holes

Signals time dilated and red shifted . (external) No communication Incoming signals can enter Fall for a finite time in event horizon

Falling into a black hole

Gravitational redshift

Falling into a black hole

nuclei
Spaghettification Atoms Electrons

Protons Neutrons

Ripped apart

Quarks

How do we find BHs in Nature?

Its black, and it looks like a hole. Id say its a black hole.

Where are BHs Found?

Centers of Galaxies

Binary Stars

The Milky Way Galaxy: ~ 100,000 light-years across

Scale: Size of Solar System: 0.01 light-years Typical Distance btw. Stars: 1 light-year

4 106 Msun Black Hole

Central Black Hole Mass: 4 million Msun Also ~ millions of 10 Msun BHs

Stars in the Central Light-Year of the Galaxy

Keep Zooming In

Milky Way

Black Holes and Galaxies: Chicken or Egg?

A

striking correlation was found between black holes and their host galaxies. 0.1%

Directly proportional

Techniques for finding black holes

Accretion disks Gas jets Xray images Infrared images

Seeing black holes

Light From Gas Falling Into the Black Hole

BH

Infrared Image

How do black holes forms ?

Gravitational collapse Emerge due to attraction Big bang

These are some of supernova explosion

How do big Black Holes form

36

Dr. H. Fearn CSUF Physics

Dispelling the Myths

BHs are not cosmic vacuum cleaners: only inside the horizon is matter pulled extremely inward Far away from a BH, gravity is no different than for any other object with the same mass

M87
Look closer still: Disk of gas orbiting at 500 km/sec, around one billion solar masses crammed into 1 parsec. A black hole.

Cen A
Jets from a tiny region in the center power tremendous luminosity in radio and X rays. A black hole.

The Moral of the Story

Physicists said that Black Holes could exist

Astronomers have found that BHs do exist BHs are responsible for the most dramatic and energetic phenomena in the universe