Dr.

gulam
1
Series & Parallel Resonance
Passive Filter

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Resonance
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the
capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in
magnitude, thereby resulting in a purely resistive
impedance.
The series resonant circuit
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Series Resonance
C j
1
L j R
I
V
) ( H Z
s
e
+ e + = = e =
Input impedance:
|
.
|

\
|
e
e + =
C
1
L j R Z
s / rad
LC
1
0
= e
Resonant/center frequency:
Resonance
occurs when
imaginary part
is 0
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Series Resonance
At resonance:
1. The impedance is purely resistive, Z = R
2. The voltage and the current are in phase, pf=1
3. The magnitude of transfer function H(w) = Z(w) is
minimum
4. The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much
more than the source voltage

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Series Resonance
R I
2
1
) ( P
2
= e
Average power dissipated by the RLC circuit:
( )
2
2
/ 1 C L R
V
I
m
e e +
=
Where:
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Series Resonance

The current amplitude vs. frequency for the series resonant circuit
R
V
2
1
) ( P
2
m
0
= e
R 4
V
) ( P ) ( P
2
m
2 1
= e = e
Power at certain frequency:
Maximum power:
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Series Resonance
LC
1
L 2
R
L 2
R
LC
1
L 2
R
L 2
R
2
2
2
1
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ = e
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ = e
Half power frequency:
2 1 0
e e = e
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Series Resonance
The sharpness of the resonance in a resonant
circuit is measured quantitatively by the quality
factor Q
B CR R
L
Q
0
0
0
1 e
e
e
= = =
The quality factor of a resonant circuits is the
ratio of its resonant frequency to its bandwidth
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Series Resonance
Q L
R
B
0
1 2
e
e e = = =
Relation between Q and bandwidth B:
The higher the circuit Q, the smaller the bandwidth
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Series Resonance
High Q circuit if,
10 > Q
2
B
2
B
0 2
0 1
+ e ~ e
e ~ e
and half power frequency can be approximated as:
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Example 1
R=2, L=1mH, C=0.4F. Determine :
a) The resonant frequency and the half-power frequency
b) The quality factor and bandwidth
c) The amplitude of the current at
0
,
1
and
2
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Parallel Resonance
The parallel-resonant circuit
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Parallel Resonance
L j
1
C j
R
1
V
I
) ( H Y
e
+ e + = = e =
Input admittance:
|
.
|

\
|
e
e + =
L
1
C j
R
1
Y
s / rad
LC
1
0
= e
Resonant frequency:
Resonance
occurs when
imaginary part
is 0
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Parallel Resonance
LC
1
RC 2
1
RC 2
1
LC
1
RC 2
1
RC 2
1
2
2
2
1
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ = e
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ = e
Half power frequency:
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Parallel Resonance
RC
1
B
1 2
= e e =
L
R
RC
B
Q
0
0
0
e
= e =
e
=
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Parallel Resonance
High Q circuit if,
10 > Q
2
B
2
B
0 2
0 1
+ e ~ e
e ~ e
and half power frequency can be approximated as:
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Example 2
R=8 k, L=0.2 mH, C=8 F. Determine :
a) The resonant frequency, quality factor and bandwidth
b) The half-power frequencies

c) The power dissipated at
0
,
1
and
2
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Filters
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired
frequencies and reject or attenuate others.
4 types of filters:
1. Lowpass filter: passes low frequencies and stops high
frequencies
2. Highpass filter: passes high frequencies and rejects low
frequencies
3. Bandpass filter: passes frequencies within a frequency band and
blocks or attenuates frequencies outside the band
4. Bandstop filter: passes frequencies outside a frequency band and
blocks or attenuates frequencies within the band

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Filters
Ideal frequency response of four types of filters:
a) lowpass b) highpass
c) bandpass
d) bandstop
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Lowpass Filters
A lowpass filter is designed to pass only frequencies
from dc up to the cutoff frequency
c
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Lowpass Filters
RC j 1
1
C j / 1 R
C j / 1
V
V
) ( H
i
0
e +
=
e +
e
= = e
2
1
C R 1
1
) ( H
2 2 2
C
C
=
e +
= e
RC
1
C
= e
Transfer function:
Cutoff frequency:
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Highpass Filter
A highpass filter is designed to pass all frequencies
above its cutoff frequency
c
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Highpass Filters
RC j
RC j
RC j
C j R
R
V
V
H
i
e
e
e
e
e
1
1
1
1 / 1
) (
0
+
=
+
=
+
= =
2
1
1
1
1
) (
2 2 2
=
+
=
C R
H
C
C
e
e
RC
1
C
= e
Transfer function:
Cutoff frequency:
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Bandpass Filter
A bandpass filter is designed to pass all frequencies
within a band of frequencies,
1
<
0
<
2
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Bandpass Filters
( ) C / 1 L j R
R
V
V
) ( H
i
0
e e +
= = e
LC
1
0
= e
Transfer function:
Center frequency:
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Bandstop Filter
A bandstop filter is designed to stop or eliminate all
frequencies within a band of frequencies,
1
<
0
<
2
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Bandstop Filters
( )
( ) C / 1 L j R
C / 1 L j
V
V
) ( H
i
0
e e +
e e
= = e
LC
1
0
= e
Transfer function:
Center frequency:
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Example 3
Bandstop filter rejects 200 Hz while passing other
frequencies. For R=150 and bandwidth 100 Hz,
determine:
a) L
b) C

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Exercise 1
For a series RLC bandstop filter, R=2 k, L=0.1 mH,
C=40 pF. Determine :
a) The center frequency
b) The bandwidth
c) The half-power frequencies

d) The quality factor