Broadband Wireless Solutions

For internal use 1 Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Contents
Introduction HSPA Technology Rel6, Rel7 and LTE capabilities I-HSPA solution WiMAX Technology WiMax Architecture OFDM Basics Comparison of HSPA, LTE and WiMax

What is on Demand
Full Mobility Of Data & Voice
3G Evolution (WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA, 3.9G)

Fully Mobile

Mobile Data
Internet-HSPA WiMAX e-version

Fixed Data
DSL WLAN

Fixed

Market needs
High Speed Internet Access/Browsing Voice over IP High speed VPN connectivity Streaming Video on Demand Streaming Live TV Music and Photo Download File Download/Upload Multi Party Gaming Location based services Video telephony Video Sharing

Mapping of Services to preferred speed

Broadband Wireless Access demand growing

Consumer and enterprise demand for broadband wireless growing quickly

Internet usage continues to grow, fuelling fixed broadband Take-up of WLAN stimulates interest in wireless broadband Introduction of new device categories, like Nokia 770 Internet Tablet
New and evolved applications (e.g. e-mail, online gaming) demand higher data speeds New radio technologies enable faster business connectivity and faster content download Nokia 770

Introduction: Mobile Broadband Growth Prediction

What can be done to meet Demands

EV-DO rev. A, Rev B NxEV-DO

CDMA

EDGE Evolution
GSM WCDMA UMTS-TDD WiMAX (802.16-2004) HSPA I-HSPA 3.9 G

WiMAX (802.16-2005)
Flarion Flash-OFDM WLAN (unlicensed) 05 06 07 08 09 10

Wireless Approaches

Data Traffic in 2G network

The mobile industry has expected data tornado since the birth of GPRS, but the share of packet data traffic in 2G network was typically <<5% Why didnt data fly? 1. Low performance in terms of data rates and latency no true broadband 2. Complex and expensive pricing no flat rate 3. Complex connectivity no plug-and-play

Data?

Data access through Mobile

HSDPA Usage

 HSDPA has Brough Fast Traffic Growth Packet Data Dominates over Voice
Operator 1
1400 1200 1000

Nokia RANs with >1000 GB/day traffic and busy hour traffic >0.3 Gbps and >500 MB/sub/month
>1200 GB/day traffic

GB/day

800 600 400 200 0

20061009

20061016

20061023

20061030

20061106

20061113

20061120

20061127

20061204

20061211

20061218

20061225

20070101

20070108

20070115

HSDPA traffic exceeds voice volume <3 months after launch

Operator 2
HSDPA traffic volume 3 x more than 3G voice traffic

Operator 3

Evolution of 3GPP family of standards

HSPA Technology

For internal use 14 Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

HSPA Technology

HSPA
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS protocols Two standards : HSDPA and HSUPA HSDPA: provides improved down-link performance of up to 14.4 Mbit/s theoretically ( 3GPP Rel5 onwards) HSUPA: provides improved uplink performance of up to 5.76 Mbits/s theoretically (3GPP Rel6 onwards)

HSPA Peak Data Rate

3GPP R5

3GPP R6

14 Mbps 14 Mbps 5.7 Mbps 0.4 Mbps

HSPA Peak Data Rate Evolution

HSPA data rate increases with 2x2 MIMO and higher order modulation(64 QAM) up to 42 Mbps in downlink and 11 Mbps in uplink

3GPP R5

3GPP R6

3GPP R7

42 Mbps 14 Mbps 14 Mbps 5.7 Mbps 0.4 Mbps 11 Mbps

3GPP LTE: Long Term Evolution

LTE further increases the data rate with larger bandwidth of 20 MHz LTE is based on OFDM as the access method

3GPP R5

3GPP R6

3GPP R7

3GPP R8

170 Mbps
42 Mbps 14 Mbps 14 Mbps 5.7 Mbps 0.4 Mbps 11 Mbps 50 Mbps

HSPA Deployment Schedule

HSUPA commercial 2007 HSPA evolution commercial 2008-2009 LTE commercial 2010 and beyond
3GPP schedule 3GPP R5 3GPP R6 3GPP R7 3GPP R8

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Commercial

3GPP R5

3GPP R6

3GPP R7 3GPP R8

Network Architecture Evolution

3GPP R7, LTE : Change in NW Architecture

Architecture Evolution (Packet Domain)

Internet HSPA HSPA R6 HSPA R7 a-GW LTE R8

GGSN 1-tunnel SGSN SGSN

GGSN

UPE

MME

RNC Node-B with RNC funct.

= control plane = user plane

Node-B

eNode-B

Ciphering + IP header compression in Node-B

I-HSPA

For internal use 23 Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Architecture Evolution: Flat Architecture

Same topology as LTE and WiMAX

Internet-HSPA
More elements scalability issues with traffic growth

Standardized in Release 7

HSPA R6 GGSN

HSPA R7 GGSN
Simple scalability

RNC adds control and user plane delay

SGSN RNC

SGSN
Lower latency

Radio protocol and common channel overhead

Efficient transport

Node-B

Node-B

= control plane = user plane

I-HSPA is Part of 3GPP Release 7

3GPP Release 7 specifies flat architecture for HSPA The flat architecture is based on so called architecture Alternative 2 where RNC functionalities are located in Node-B (=internet-HSPA) The flat architecture has only minor impact to 3GPP standardization A change to RANAP specification to extend the RNC-ID to allow it to be longer than 4096 values A description in a Technical Report of how existing 3GPP functionalities can be used to allow UE mobile-originated and mobile-terminated CS call re-direction

i-HSPA Provides High Capacity

i-HSPA network with 1500 sites has throughput capability of 100 Gbps There are Nokia RANs today where the busy hour traffic is already >0.3 Gbps, and HSDPA has just started
Release 7 i-HSPA network
What would be the cost of 100 Gbps RNC?

Release 6 HSPA network RNC

Maximum network throughput 65 Mbps x 1500 = 100 Gbps

i-HSPA adapter supports 65 Mbps

i-HSPA Provides High Peak Data Rates

i-HSPA network adapter is ready for HSPA evolution 40 Mbps peak rate
i-HSPA network Standard HSPA network
Can RNC provide 40 Mbps per user?

RNC

Peak user throughput >40 Mbps

i-HSPA adapter supports 65 Mbps

Node-B

i-HSPA Improves E1 Efficiency up to 50%

3GPP R6 HSPA architecture requires overhead in Iub transport Node-B control signalling and common channels, approx 300 kbps 3GPP L2, ATM, AAL2 and Frame protocol, approx 35% 3GPP R7 i-HSPA architecture has clearly higher efficiency in last mile transport
<1.3 Mbps user plane 3GPP R6 HSPA architecture

BTS

1 x E1 >1.8 Mbps user plane

RNC

3GPP R7 i-HSPA architecture BTS

= overhead = user plane

GGSN

i-HSPA Summary
The world is going towards flat architecture (WiMAX, LTE). i-HSPA provides LTE network topology with HSPA radio i-HSPA is standardized in 3GPP Release 7 Nokias I-HSPA overlay solution effectively utilizes the existing 3G and 2G infrastructure. Nokia overlay I-HSPA is designed for multi-vendor environment. i-HSPA enables lower latency with less network elements i-HSPA has lower opex with up to 50% more efficient transport and less network elements i-HSPA has lower capex with only two network elements in user plane i-HSPA is ready for R7 40 Mbps user rates and >>100 Gbps network capacity

WiMAX
Wimax Introduction

For internal use 30 Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Current Wireless Approaches

Wireless LANS

Cellular

Broadband Wireless Access

Outdoor
Fixed High Data Rates Mostly Data Very Low Deployment

Enterprise & Hotspots Fixed High Data Rates Data Only Successful Deployment

Outdoor/Indoor Mobile Medium Data Rates Voice & Data Successful Deployment

WiMax
WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is an association/forum that promotes broadband wireless technology defined by IEEE 802.16 committee.

802.16 defined radio interface, it does not define end-to-end network architecture.. The
WiMax forum has defined such an architecture which is an ALL-IP based network. Another key role of the WiMax forum is to act as the certification and verification body for

vendor equipment. To ensure interoperability, the WiMax forum must ensure that
manufacturers implement a certain set of features defined in 802.16. The WiMax forum defines the system profile which defines all the features that must be integrated by all the equipment manufacturers.

IEEE 802.16
IEEE 802 is known for defining LAN standards and supporting technologies. These include Ethernet, WLAN (WiFi) which was defined by 802.11 subcommittee. IEEE 802 has accepted the additional responsibility of defining broadband Wireless technology for use as backhaul & fixed wireless access.

The 802.16 subcommittee has been tasked with defining BWA technology for fixed, portable & mobile applications. 802.16 has defined both Point To Point (PTP) and Point To Multipoint (PMP)

systems. These access technologies are designed as an alternative to wireline broadband

technologies

What is WiMax
"WiMAX is not a technology, but rather a certification mark, or 'stamp of approval'
given to equipment that meets certain conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE 802.16 family of standards. A similar confusion surrounds the term Wi-Fi, which like WiMAX, is a certification mark for equipment based on a different set of IEEE standards from the 802.11 working group for wireless local area networks (WLAN). Neither WiMAX, nor Wi-Fi is a technology but their names have been adopted in popular usage to denote the technologies behind them. This is likely due to the difficulty of using terms like 'IEEE 802.16' in common speech and writing."

Wimax standards
802.16e standard is flexible and has many implementation options System profiles defines set of mandatory and optional features selected from the options set by the standard

WiMAX Forum

WiMax Quick Overview

WiMAX is a TDD /FDD system

With various carrier bandwidth and frequency re-use options

Frequency bands for WiMAX:

2.5 / 2.6 GHz (licensed) 3.5 GHz (licensed) 5.8 GHz (unlicensed)
Amount of spectrum needed:

Min. 10 MHz, up to 15 30 MHz

Typical cell ranges @ 2.5 GHz:

500 m 1.5 km, for suburban and urban with indoor coverage
Estimated aggregate data rates:

2.7 Mbps per sector for 10 MHz carrier 8 Mbps per sector in case of 3x 10 MHz carrier used Theoretical peak rate: 70 Mbps in case of 20 MHz carrier used
Network architecture:

IP based, but still to be specified in detail by WiMAX Forum

Wimax radio summary

Based on OFDMA Bandwidth divided into several sub carriers (tones) Sub channel= set of sub carriers Adaptive Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM Different deployment options bring flexibility Feature Used spectrum Bandwidth Duplex Sub channel/frequency reuse Deployment options 2.3, 2.5, 3.3, 3.5, etc. GHz 1.25 20 MHz TDD or FDD 1/3, 1/4 , 1 (PUSC/FUSC)

Wimax Spectrum Allocation Region wise

WiFi 2.4 GHz
2400 2483.5 MHz

Supported in Nokia Release 1

2496 2690 MHz 3300 3400 MHz 3400 3600 MHz (lower) 3600 3800 MHz (upper)

2305 2320 MHz

2345 2360 MHz

Future Candidate

Band class 3 2.5 GHz

Class 1: 2.3-2.4 GHz Class 2: 2.305-2.320, 2.345-2.360 GHz Class 4 3.3 GHz

Band class 5 3.5 GHz Region Europe North America Latin America China India Korea Africa, Middle East APAC Main frequency bands planned 2.5, 3.5 GHz 2.5 GHz 2.5, 3.5 GHz 3.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 2.3-2.4 GHz 2.5, 3.5 GHz 2.5, 3.5 GHz

Wimax spectrum will be allocated to operators by national regulator Preliminary Wimax Forum Certification Profiles focus on licensed 2.5 & 3.5GHz bands 3G extension main target for 2.5 GHz band in Europe, 10Mhz guard band on both side of a 50 MHz band.

WiMax Network Architecture

Station can beService mobile or static depending upon the subscriber profile Access Service Network contains network functions needed provide access to aIts wimax Connectivity Network provides IP connectivity to theto WIMAX subscribers. subscriber. These allocation include layer 2 addresses connectivity, of authentication, accounting functions include of IP to transfer the mobiles, internet access, Access, messages to the home Nstwork Serviceas Provider, Layer 3 relay function radio resource Authorization and Accounting services well as inter ASN mobility andand subscribers profile management. The ASN comprises of Base Station and ASN Gateway

WiMax Network Architecture

MSS
R1 ASN BS R8 BS R6 ASN GW R2

AAA Server CSN Router HA DHCP Server DNS Server

R5

Application Service Provider

CSN

Visited CSN

MSS
ASN R1 BS

R4

R3

AAA Server
DHCP Server DNS Server

Internet

R6
ASN GW

CSN Router
HA

CSN

R8
BS

Application Service Provider

IEEE802.16e Specs vs WiMAX Forum Profiles

WiMAX Forum profiles define the practical system parameters

802.16e
Bandwidth Cyclic prefix Frame length HARQ methods Uplink modulation MIMO with PUSC/FUSC MIMO method 1.25 20 MHz 1/32 2-20 ms CC and IR QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM With PUSC and FUSC Open and closed loop

WiMAX profiles
5 10 MHz 1/8 5 ms CC QPSK, 16QAM With PUSC Open loop

WiMAX Spectrum Requirements

WiMAX is recommended to be deployed with reuse 3 Minimum spectrum 5 MHz per sector 15 MHz in total Preferred spectrum 10 MHz per sector to achieve higher data rates and higher capacity 30 MHz in total
Minimum 15 MHz 5 MHz Recommended 30 MHz 10 MHz

5 MHz

5 MHz

10 MHz

10 MHz

OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

For internal use 45 Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

OFDM Technology
OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing The concept is similar to FDMA where a transmitter is capable of transmitting simultaneous narrow band signals (subcarriers)
FDM Spread your data on sub-bands, data is correct on all the good subbands Avoid interference between the sub-band signals: Orthogonal Sub-carrier spacing = 1/symbol duration

The narrowband signals are advantageous in a multipath

environment due to smaller bandwidth
More resistant to frequency selective fading Longer coherence time

Simplified example of OFDM and QPSK

OFDM is a multicarrier system, where data is transmitted in parallel using several carriers at the same time. Each carrier is modulated with digital modulation like QPSK or 16QAM. Example: 7-carrier OFDM using QPSK: QPSK modulation to 7 carriers
Bit stream, 1 bit/s, 14 bits 10110110000111

OFDM symbol duration 14 s 11 01 00 10 01 11

Serial to parallel conversion

14 s
Division to two bit groups (symbols)

14 s 10 11 01 10 00 01 11
Seven (serial) 2-bit symbols Symbol duration 2 s

10

11 01 00 10 01 11 10 14s

14s

Seven (parallel) 2-bit symbols Symbol duration 14 s

OFDM Basics (1)

OFDM Basics (2)

OFDM Basics (3)

OFDM Basics (4)

OFDM Basics (5)

OFDM Basics (6)

OFDM Basics (7)

Power and Bandwidth of OFDM

Power

bandwidth

frequency The subcarriers are densely packed in a controlled manner The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while the power is distributed to all used subcarriers

Sub channel in WiMax The primary goal of OFDM system is to avoid interference between users in same cell and minimising interference between different cells. Since BS is responsible for subcarrier allocation both in DL & UL hence, 802.16 specifies the use of subchannel. A subchannel has a group of subcarriers that might be adjacent or distributed. The subcarriers are grouped into subchannels in different ways : Partial Usage of Subcarriers (PUSC) Full Usage of subcarrier (FUSC).

WiMAX Reuse with PUSC/FUSC

Partial use of subcarriers (PUSC) Part of subcarriers used PUSC reduces peak data rate Full use of subcarriers (FUSC) All subcarriers used FUSC provides maximum bit rates
PUSC-3 Cell 1 Cell 2 FUSC Cell 1 Cell 2 f3 f1 f2

Cell 3

Cell 3

Preferred Bandwidths
The preferred bandwidth for Release-1 (Nokia) are: 5 MHz NFFT=512 7 MHz NFFT=1024 10 MHz NFFT=1024 For scalable OFDMA, the preferred bandwidths are: 5 MHz NFFT=512 10 MHz NFFT=1024 20 MHz NFFT=2048 (not yet)

Broadband Wireless Benchmarking

For internal use 60 Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

 HSPA and WiMAX peak rates are similar LTE has highest peak data rates due to 2x20 MHz spectrum Peak Data Rates in Theory

Downlink 2x2MIMO2 2x2.5 (1x5) MHz 2x3.5 (1x7) MHz 2x5 (1x10) MHz 2x10 (1x20) MHz 2x20 MHz Uplink3 2x2.5 (1x5) MHz 2x3.5 (1x7) MHz 2x5 (1x10) MHz

HSPA FDD4 35 Mbps HSPA FDD4 8.6 Mbps

WiMAX TDD1 20 Mbps 28 Mbps 40 Mbps WiMAX TDD1 4.1 Mbps 5.5 Mbps 8.3 Mbps

LTE FDD 18 Mbps 36 Mbps 72 Mbps 144 Mbps LTE FDD 5 Mbps 10 Mbps 19 Mbps 38 Mbps

2x10 (1x20) MHz

2x20 MHz
= typical bandwidth

2Downlink

1Downlink:uplink

ratio 1.6:1.0 with 64QAM and 5/6 coding 3Uplink with 16QAM and coding 4HSPA 3GPP R7 assumed

Peak Data Rates in Nokia Products

HSPA has started 2 years before WiMAX WiMAX will have higher peak data rate than HSPA during 2008

Nokia HSPA 2x5 MHz Nokia WiMAX 1x10 MHz

DL: 3.6 Mbps UL: 0.4 Mbps 2006

DL: 10 Mbps UL: 1.5 Mbps 2007

DL: 14 Mbps UL: 5.8 Mbps 2008

DL: 42 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps 2009+

DL: 20 Mbps UL: 3.5 Mbps

DL: 40 Mbps UL: 7 Mbps

Spectral Efficiency Benchmarking

Similar spectral efficiency for HSPA evolution and WiMAX LTE provides 50% higher efficiency than HSPA or WiMAX
Spectral efficiency
2.5 2.0
bps/Hz/cell

Downlink Uplink

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

HSPA R6 HSPA R6 (TU channel) (Vehicular A) HSPA R7 MIMO + 64QAM + equalizer WiMAX reuse 3 (29:18 TDD) LTE

Cell Throughput Benchmarking

WiMAX TDD assumes 29:18 asymmetry downlink : uplink HSPA and LTE assume FDD
Throughput with 2 x 15 MHz
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Uplink Downlink

Mbps

HSPA R6 (TU channel)

HSPA R6 (Vehicular A)

HSPA R7 MIMO + 64QAM + equalizer

WiMAX reuse 3 (29:18 TDD)

LTE

WiMAX has Coverage Challenge

High deployment frequency at 2.5 or 3.5 GHz Time division duplex (TDD) Lower mobile power levels (OFDM backoff)

HSPA Spectrum Typical mobile power Duplexing 2100 MHz 250 mW FDD

WiMAX 2500 MHz 200 mW2 TDD (29:18)

Coverage effect 4 dB 1 dB 4 dB1 Total 9 dB

1Uplink

2OFDMA

average power reduction with downlink:uplink split required backoff

Cell Range Rural Indoor with 95% Probability

Rural indoor
Uplink Downlink
Assumptions: 80 m BTS antenna 15 dB indoor loss 95% location probability Correction factor -15 dB 1.5 m CPE antenna height 0 dBi CPE antenna gain

WiMAX 3400 TDD

WiMAX 2500 TDD

HSPA2100

HSPA900

0.0

2.0

4.0
km

6.0

8.0

10.0

Cell Range Rural Outdoor with 95% Probability

Rural outdoor
WiMAX 3400 TDD Uplink Downlink
Assumptions: 80 m BTS antenna No indoor loss 95% location probability Correction factor -15 dB 2.5 m CPE antenna height 8 dBi CPE antenna gain

WiMAX 2500 TDD

HSPA2100

HSPA900

10

20

30
km

40

50

60

Evolution of Mobile Technology Capabilities

GSM WCDMA EDGE R6 HSPA R6 Theoretical peak bit rate in ideal case DL/UL1 Latency (round trip) Spectral efficiency data DL/UL [bps/Hz/cell]2 Spectral efficiency voice [users/MHz/cell] Max path loss 1 Mbps / 64 kbps6 Spectrum Cell range in urban area (indoor outdoor)7 0.4 / 0.4 Mbps 150 ms 0.4 / 0.4 184 162 dB (voice) 14 / 5 Mbps 50 ms 0.7 / 0.4 184235 162 dB HSPA R7 (HSPA+) 42 / 11 Mbps 30 ms 1.4 / 0.6 305 162 dB WiMAX LTE R8 WLAN TDD8 10 FDD8 2x20 802.11g/n MHz9 MHz 44 / 7 170 / 50 54 Mbps10 Mbps Mbps 260Mbps10 30 ms 1.53 / 0.63 185 153 dB
2300, 2500, 3500

10 ms 2.1 / 0.9 45555 162 dB

850, 900, 1700, 1700/2100, 1900, 2500

<5 ms <0.51.0 12 110 dB

2400, 5400

900, 1700, 850, 900, 1700, 850, 900, 1800, 850, 1700/2100, 1700/2100, 1900 1900, 2100 1900, 2100

2.87.4 km 2.87.4 km 2.87.4 km 0.61.5 km 2.87.4 km 30100 m

12x2 MIMO assumed in downlink for HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE, but not in uplink. No MIMO for EDGE and HSPA R6. 2x2 MIMO in 802.11n 2Full buffer simulations with 2-antenna terminals in urban macro cells. EDGE R6 with 1-antenna terminals. 3Frequency reuse 3 4CS voice. GSM R6 with 1-antenna and GSM R7 given with 1 and 2-antenna terminals. GSM HR 4.75-7.4 kbps, WCDMA 7.95 kbps, cdma

EVRC 5VoIP with 2-antenna terminals. Uplink limited. AMR 7.95 kbps 61 Mbps downlink and 64 kbps uplink with 18 dBi BTS antenna without body loss. GSM value for voice with body loss. Beamforming gain would increase the max path loss 73GPP technologies at 850/900 band, WiMAX at 2500 band and WLAN at 2400 band. 8LTE includes also TDD mode and WiMAX also FDD mode 9Downlink:uplink split 2:1 10The peak user rate is approx 50% of these L1 rates, so 25-30 Mbps. That peak user rate is shared between uplink and downlink due to TDD structure. 802.11n with 2x2 MIMO and 40 MHz bandwidth at 5 GHz band.