Columns

Usually moment is represented by axial load times eccentricity, i.e.

Review Short Columns (Axial load + Moment )
Behavior under Combined Bending and Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment ( Failure Envelope )
Concrete crushes before
steel yields
Steel yields before concrete
crushes
Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure.
Note:
Define Sway & non- sway frame
unbraced) ( 05 . 0
(braced) - Non 05 . 0
Sway Q
sway Q
l V
P
Q
c u
o u
>
<
A
=

Stability index
The ACI Procedure for Classifying Short and Slender Column
u
l
= unsupported length of member, defined in ACI Code
10.11.3 as clear distance between floor slabs, beams, or other
members capable of providing lateral support, as shown
r
= radius of gyration associated with axis about which
bending is occurring. For rectangular cross sections r =
0.30 h, and for circular sections, r = 0.25 h as specified by
ACI Code 10.11.2.
r
singular curvature
double curvature
Ratio of moments at two column ends,
where M
2
> M
1
(-1 to 1 range)
M
1
/M
2
=
0
2
1
>
M
M
0
2
1
<
M
M
K Factor = effective length factor
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
K Factor calculatoin

=
beams of /
columns of /
c
c
l EI
l EI

( )
A B
min
0.70 0.05 1.0
smaller of
0.85 0.05 1.0
k
k
k
= + + + + s
=

= + + s

For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)

wall Cracked for 35 . 0
wall ked for Uncrac 7 . 0
Column for 7 . 0
Beam for 35 . 0
g
g
g
g
I I
I I
I I
I I
=
=
=
=
( ) 0 . 1 05 . 0 7 . 0 s + + =
B A
k
0 . 1 05 . 0 85 . 0
min
s + = k
m
m avg m
m m
20
if 2.0: 1
20
if 2.0: 0.9 1
k
k
+
| |
+ = + < = +
|
\ .
+ > = +
( )
0 1.0
1.0 typically k=1.5
k
k
s s
s s
For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained at both ends
b) One hinged end
Non-sway frames:

Sway frames:
m
m avg m
m m
20
if 2.0: 1
20
if 2.0: 0.9 1
k
k
+
| |
+ = + < = +
|
\ .
+ > = +
m
m
k

= 1
20
20
m
k + = 1 9 . 0
3 . 0 0 . 2 + = k
Example 1
The frame shown in Figure is consisting of members with rectangular
cross sections, made of the same strength concrete. Considering buckling
in the plane of the figure, categorize column FE as long or short if the
frame is:
Nonsway
Sway
270KN.m
400KN.m
Example 2
Mpa f
c
30 =
'
Mpa f
y
420 =
Design reinforcement for a 400 mm x 500 mm tied column. The
column, which is part of a braced frame, has an unsupported length
of 3.0 m. It is subjected to a factored axial load of 2400 kN in
addition to a factored bending moment as shown.
500KN.m
250KN.m
Note to use the last Instruction diagrams (English units) divide and
( )
( )
MPa mm N
A
P
A
P
g
u
g
n
12 / 12
500 400
1000 2400
2
= = = =
|
h A
M
g
n
|
By 7.0
420Mpa f
y
=
30Mpa f
c
=
'
ksi 71 . 1 =
ksi 71 . 0 =
Long Columns
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames
If the slenderness effects need to be considered. The
non-sway magnification factor, o
ns
, will cause an increase
in the magnitude of the design moment.

where
min , 2 2 max
M M M
ns ns
o o > =
0 . 1
75 . 0
1
>

=
cr
u
m
ns
P
P
C
o
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames
The components of the equation for an Euler bucking
load for pin-end column

and the stiffness, EI is taken as
( )
2
c
2
u
EI
P
kl
t
=
c g s se c g
conservatively
d d
0.2 0.4
1 1
E I E I E I
EI EI
| |
+
= =
+ +
Load A factored Max
Load Sustain factored Max
d
xial .
.
= |
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames
A coefficient factor relating the actual moment diagram
to the equivalent uniform moment diagram. For
members without transverse loads


For other conditions, such as members with transverse
loads between supports, C
m
= 1.0
1
m
2
0.6 0.4 0.4
M
C
M
| |
= + >
|
\ .
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames
The minimum allowable value of M
2
is


The sway frame uses a similar technique, see the text on
the components.
( ) h P M
u
03 . 0 0 . 15
min , 2
+ =
In mm
Example 1
Design a 7.0 m-tall column that carries a service dead load of 500 kN,
and a service live load of 400 kN, shown in Figure below
140KN.m
80KN.m
Moment Magnification in sway Frames
s s ns
s s ns
M M M
M M M
2 2 max 2
1 1 max 1
o
o
+ =
+ =
stability
P
P
cr
u
s
for 2.5 and 0 . 1
75 . 0
1
1
< >

o
Example 2
1.2 D +1.6 L
1.2 D +1.0 L+1.6W
0.9 D +1.3 W
0
. 847
136
6 . 1 2 . 1
1
= A
=
=
+

x
u
u
m KN M
KN w
L D
case
mm
m KN M
KN w
W L D
case
x
u
u
5 . 17
. 818
112
6 . 1 0 . 1 2 . 1
2
= A
=
=
+ +

mm
m KN M
KN w
W D
case
x
u
u
1 . 14
. 434
54
3 . 1 9 . 0
3
= A
=
=
+

Hinged end
L
u
=500-30=470cm
( )
( ) ( )
52 . 0
40 6 . 1 60 2 . 1
60 2 . 1
=
+
=
d
|
Mpa E
c
25267 28 4775 = =
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
2
13
3
. 10 6 . 3
52 . 0 1 12
600 300 25267 4 . 0
mm N EI =
+
=
( )( )
( ) ( )
kN P
cr
7 . 1570
1000 4700 2 . 3
10 6 . 3
2
13
2
=

=
t
( )
91 . 1
7 . 1570 * 2 75 . 0
560 * 2
1
1
=

=
s
o

m kN M . 847
max
=
kN P
u
680 =
m kN
M M M
s s ns
. 2 . 927 120 ) 91 . 1 ( 698
max
= +
+ = o
kN P
u
560 =
m kN M . 434
max
=
kN P
u
270 =
Case (1): 1.2 D +1.6 L

Case (2): 1.2 D + 1.0 L +1.6 W

Case (3) : 0.9 D + 1.3 W

( ) ( )
80 . 0
60
0 . 2 1 2 4 2 60
=

=
( )
( )
ksi Mpa
A
P
A
P
g
u
g
n
44 . 0 11 . 3
600 300
1000 560
= = = =
|
( )
( )( )
2 2
6
126 12600 600 * 300 * 07 . 0
07 . 0
22 . 1 6 . 8
600 600 300
10 2 . 927
cm mm A
ksi Mpa
h A
M
h A
M
S
g
u
g
n
= = =
=
= = = =

|
Case 1
( )
( )
ksi Mpa
A
P
A
P
g
u
g
n
54 . 0 78 . 3
600 300
1000 680
= = = =
|
( )
( )( )
design
ksi Mpa
h A
M
h A
M
g
u
g
n
Re
08 . 0
12 . 1 84 . 7
600 600 300
10 847
6
>
= = = =

|
Case 2