EN.

ADNAN BIN SHAMSUDIN

(SMK Sultan Ismail, Johor Bahru)

Diploma in Science UiTM Diploma in Education (Physics) UTM Degree in Science (Physics Industry) UTM

Teaching Physics since 2000

Marking paper SPM 4321/2 since 2003

SIJIL PELAJARAN MALAYSIA TECHNIQUE OF ANSWERING SPM PHYSICS / 4531

 Section A of paper 2 consists of 8 questions. You will have to answer all the 8 questions in this section. The total in Section A is 60 marks You are advised to spend 90 minutes on this section. Spending more than 90 minutes on this section will result in having insufficient time to answer questions in Sections B and C.

ANSWER STRATEGY PHYSICS QUESTIONS PAPER 2 Subjective Questions (2 Hours 30 Minutes) SECTION A

 Before attempting to answer questions, read the questions at least twice and highlight the key words provided so that you will not go out of point. Give short and concise answer.
Underline keywords such as WHAT, HOW etc

 Underline the important information given in a question.

Methods to solve calculation problems - State the related formula - Substitute the value for each formula - Answer with the correct unit
Pay attention to the marks allocated. The mark usually indicates the number of points required.

 Do not force yourself to answer Questions 1 first if you are not too sure of the answers. Answer questions that you are most sure of first. Answer all the 8 questions within the 90 minutes allocated. A section that is allocated only 1 mark will require a short answer. On the other hand, a section that is allocated 3 marks will require you to state 3 properties or characteristic associated with the particular section.

SECTION B Section B consists of two questions. You need to answer only ONE question from this section. The marks allocated for this section is 2

You are advised to spend 30 minutes on The questions from section B are normally preceded by a diagram that shows a certain state or situation that is related to a specific Physics concept.

 You are normally asked to state the characteristics shown in the diagram and also to state the Physics principles involved. Study the marks allocated to each section or subsection in the questions. The marks allocated in each section may be as high as 10 marks. In such cases, make sure that you have at least 10 points or properties related to the section as each point is normally allocated 1 mark.

 Equations, diagrams, tables, graphs or other suitable methods may be used to explain your answer. However your answers should be clear and logical.

SECTION C Sections C consists of two questions. You need to answer ONE question only from this section. The marks allocated for this section is 2 The questions from Section C are normally preceded by a table that is related to a specific Physics concept,

You are advised to spend 30 minutes on

 Study the marks allocated to each section or subsection in the questions. The marks allocated in each section may be as high as 10 marks. In such cases, make sure that you have at least 10 points or properties related to the section as each point is allocated 1 mark. normally The questions in this section normally require you to state a certain principle or to explain certain properties or characteristics based on the information given.

TIPS TO SCORE IN PHYSICS 1. Example: Master the definition the terms in Specific heat of capacity, Physics specific latent heat, pressure, work, force, momentum, energy, force in equilibrium, half-life, interference, efficiency , 2. Conservation Master the principles in Physics & of Momentum, their applications Conservation of energy, Archimedes Principle Pascals Principle, Bernoullis Principle, Force in equilibrium, Thermal

3. Master the laws in Physics & their Hooke, Boyle, Newton, Charles, applications Pressure, Reflection, Snell, Refraction, Ohm, Faraday, Lenz 4. Master the Physics rules Right-hand Grip Rule, Flemings left hand, Flemings right hand 5. Master all the experiment in Physics All experiments in form 4 and form 5

6.

Master drawing skills Electric circiut diagram, Lens ray, Mirror ray, Apparatus diagram, Experiment diagram

Telescope, Manometer, 7. Hydrometer, Master the working principal of the Microscope, Barometer, Nuclear apparatus reactor, Bunsen burner, Fiber optic, Carburetor, Electric bell, Electric Motor, Electric generator, Hydraulic brake, Submarine, CRO, Periscope, Diode, Binocular, Transistor, 8. Master the graph skill Draw, sketch, Analyst, Determine the gradient

TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN PAPER 2 SPM PHYSICS 1 KNOWLEDGE, UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATION (Section A and C) 2 CONCEPTUALISATION (Section A and B) 3 PROBLEM SOLVING (Section B) 4 DECISION MAKING (Section B and C)

TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN PAPER 2 SPM PHYSICS A. Knowledge, Understanding and Application

Question No.1 - No.4

Understand the tasks Refer to the marks statedone point for one mark. Answer in simple words but meanin to physics concept. Use correct terminology

 Understanding and qualitative application - explain step by step

[imaging the marker does not know the physics]

Calculation: - Choose & Write the relevant formula - Substitute the values correctly - Answer with correct unit

Example 1 Q2 1. Diagram 2 shows a water tank that supplies water to a block of flats. The water flows to each unit of the flat due to water pressure.

(a) What is meant by pressure? Force per unit area // Force Area // F/A, where; F is force, A is area 1 (b) A water tank with a height of 3.0 m is fully filled with water. Calculate the pressure at the base of the water tank. [Density of water = 1000 kg m-3] P = h g 1000 x 9.8 x 3 1 29400 N m-2 // 2.94 x 104 N m-2 / Pa / kgms-2m-2 / kgm-1s-2 1
[1 mark]

[2 marks]

(c) Based in Diagrams 2, compare the water pressure at P and Q. Explain your answer. Pressure at Q is higher // Pressure at P is lower // Q > P // Q is higher // Q is more // Q is bigger // Q is more than P Depth at Q is higher // Depth at P is lower // hQ > hP // HQ > HP / Q is deeper // Pressure increases as the depth increases
[2 marks]

Example 2 Q3A SPM 2007

(a) Name the heat energy, Q1, which is absorbed from R to S. Latent heat // Specific latent heat (of fusion) [1 mark] (b) State one reason why the temperature at R and S is the same even though heat is supplied. The heat needed to break the bonds between molecules // molecules move further apart // to change solid to liquid // to change physical form // kinetic energy doesnt change
[1 mark]

(c) Calculate the het energy, Q2, which is absorbed from S to T. [The specific heat capacity of water, C=4200 J kg10C-1] Q = mc 1.0 x 4200 x 100 1 420 000 J // 4.2 x 105 J // 420 kJ
[2 marks]

B. CONCEPTUALISING
Questions No.5, No.6 and No.9 or No.10 Every items starting with situation. Situation can be in diagram, table, chart or graph.

Understand the tasks: - Comparison :State the similarities and differen - Differences: State characteristics that are differen - Similarities : State the same characteristics Relationship: directly proportional/ inversely proportional/ When . increases, Increases/decreased. Name the law/principle/concept involved.

Example 1 Q5A SPM 2006 1. Diagram 5.1 shows the situation of a sheet of paper before and when air is blown.

Diagram 5.2 shows the situation of the canopy before the lorry moves and when the lorry moves at high speed.

(a)What is meant by speed? The rate of change of distance with time / v=s/t ; s = distance, t = time [1 mark] (b) Based in diagram 5.1 and diagram 5.2: (i) State two similarities for the situation in Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2. - No air movement, the paper and the canopy will not lift up/at rest/not moves - Paper and canopy lift up when the air moves. [2 the marks] (ii) Compare the air pressure above and below paper when air is blown. - Air pressure above the paper is lower/air pressure below is higher
[1 mark]

(iii) Relate the speed of the air to the pressure of the air. High speed low pressure / inversely proportional
[1 mark]

(iv) Name the principle involved in 5(b)(iii). Bernoullis

[1 mark]

Example 1- Q6SPM 2009

(a) Observe diagram 6.1 and diagram 6.2 (i) Compare the depths of the water in region X and region Y. X is deeper / bigger / higher / X > Y / Y < X
[1 mark]

(ii) Compare the wave lengths of the waves in region X and region Y. X is longer / X > Y / Y < X
[1 mark] (iii) Relate the depth of water to the wave length of the waves. The deeper the water, the longer the wavelength / wavelength is directly proportional to the depth of the water / h [1 mark] (iv) Name the wave phenomenon involved Refraction / Refract [1 mark]

(v) Explain why the wave front of sea water will follow the shape of the shore when it approaches the shore. - The depth of the water decreasing / move in shallow area - The velocity is decreasing / wavelength is decreasing / decreasing - Refraction occurs / bending / change direction By using a diagram /diagram
[3 marks]

Example 2 Q1B SPM 2011

Diagram 9.1

Diagram 9.2

1. Using Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the thickness, the focal length and power of the lens. Relate the thickness of the lens with the focal length to make a deduction regarding the relationship between thickness of the lens and the power of lens. Lens in diagram 9.1 is thinner - Focal length in diagram 9.1 is longer - Power of lens in diagram 9.1 is lower - The thinner the lens the longer the focal length - The thinner the lens the lower the power
[5 marks]

Example 3 Q1B SPM 2009 2. Diagram 9.1 shows the effect of pressure on a sandy beach when a man sits on a chair. Diagram 9.2 shows the same man sitting on the same chair after a piece of plank is placed under the chair.

(a)

What is the meaning of pressure? Force per unit area / P = F/A ; where F = force, A = area
[1 mark]

the depth of sinking, the load and the area of contact with the sandy beach. Relate the depth of sinking with the pressure exerted by the chair to make a deduction on the relationship between the pressure and the area of contact in this situation. - Depth of sinking in 9.1 is deeper than in diagram 9.2 - The weight of the man in diagram 9.2 and 9.1 is equal - Area contact in diagram 9.2 is larger than 9.1 - The depth of sinking I increases, pressure increases / d P / hP - As the area of contact increases, the pressure

C. PROBLEM SOLVING Questions No. 7 and No.9 or No.10 Structured Question 1. Very sure of the concept/ understand the working principle of apparatus and its function. 2. Understand the questions/follow the instructions given. 3. State the methods and reasons / explanations.

Essay type question: (Open type question) 1. Understand the problem given 2. State the method/suggestion/ design / modification to solve the problems 3. State the explanation for the each method /suggestion/ design 4. Answer in table form for suggested Modifications Explanation modifications. e.g

Guided type Question- usually working principle of apparatus 1. Follow the instruction in the question. 2. Answer can be in the form of diagram or essay. 3. State the method/ways and reasons. Common mistakes: 1. Suggestion of problem solving does not based on relevant physical concept 2. Give wrong/irrelevant explanation/reason 3. Give redundant/overlap suggestion/method

Example 5: Q9B SPM 2008 1. Diagram 9.3 shows a pole vaulter performing a jump.

Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the use of suitable equipment and techniques to improve his performance. Your answer should include the following aspects: (i) Vaulters attire (ii) Vaulters movement (iii) Pole used (iv) Safety
[10 marks]

Modifications
Tight and light attire / spiked shoes Sprint / Increases speed More elstic / light / bends easily

Explanation
Less air friction / 1 increases the speed To increases kinetic 1 energy / momentum

Easily bend / easily carried / increase the potential elastic energy

Strong pole /
Use thicker mattress

Not easily broken

increases collision time / reduce impulsive force

Example 2 Q9B SPM 2007 2. Diagram 9.6 shows a sailboat.

Your are required to gives some suggestions to design a sailboat which can travel faster. Using the knowledge on motion, force and the properties of materials, explain the suggestions based on the following aspects: (i) the surface of the board (ii) the shape of the board (iii) material used for the board (iv) material used for the sail

Modifications Smooth // coat with wax Streamline shape / torpedo / aerodynamic / sharp end / diagram Rej: oval Low density // strong material // tough // Fiber glass // carbon composite Rej: Hard/Rubber/Glass/Fiber/Composit e Water proof // Low density material // Nylon // Tough // Strong // Canvas // Synthetic 1

Explanation

Reduce (water) friction / resistance / drag

Reduce water friction / drag / resistance

Easy to float // Not easy to break // Slides faster // Increases the speed 1 // Light // With stand // Small mass

To avoid the sail absorbed water // becomes heavier // Not easy to tear off // Small mass // Lighter // Can withstand strong wind without damage Trap more wind // Bigger force

Wide // Big // Large

Example 3: Q9B SPM 2006 3. You are given two convex lenses, P and Q, with focal lengths 40 cm and 5 cm respectively. Both the lenses are used to build a simple astronomical telescope at normal adjustment. Using the two lenses, explain how you are going to build the simple astronomical telescope.
[6 marks]

(ii) Suggest modification that needs to be done on the telescope to produce clearer and bigger images.
[4 marks]

Increases the diameter of the objective lens 1 More light enter the lens 1 Increases the focal length 1 Increase the magnification 1

D. MAKING DECISION Questions No. 8 and No.11/No.12 Structured: 1. Guided decision making 2. Follow the instructions in the questions 3. Justify your answer with reasons
fo fe

Example 1 Q8 SPM 2009 1. Diagram 8 shows two models of frying pan.

(b) Based on the information in Diagram 8, state the suitable characteristics of the frying pan used for cooking. (i) Type of surface
Dark surface

[1 mark]

Reason absorb heat//conductor//does not reflect heat

[1 mark]

(ii)

Specific heat capacity Low//small//less//little Reason

[1 mark]

high temperature rise//easy to get hot//hot faster//cook fast, heat up faster [1 mark]

(c) Based on the answer in 8(b) determines which model of frying pan In Diagram 8 will absorb the heat effectively. Give reason for your choice.
B Dark.low specific heat capacity//good conductor//absorb heat//easy to get hot//hot faster
[2 marks]

Essay: - To answer this question explain the suitability of each characteristics and determine the most suitable . ., identify 4 different characteristics from the given diagrams or table. - The answer in a table form.
Characteristic Reason
DO WRITE EACH CRITERIA FOR THE CHOSEN SUBJECT DO STATE THE CHARACTERISTIC AS HIGH/ LOW /LARGE DO THE JUSTIFICATION /SMALL BY REPEATING ALL THE CHARACTERICS OF THE CHOSEN SUBJECT.

[ ] is chosen.

Reason : It has ...

1. Question will state the characteristics in the form of diagram or table. Study the characteristics carefully 2. Choose the suitable characteristics according to the need of the question. Use the word low or high 3. Make a ranking based on chosen characteristics 4. Make a justification 5. Statemistakes the reason Common 1. Elaborate all characteristics 2. Rewrite the value of characteristic given without stating low or high 3. Does not state all characteristics/ reasons after making a justification 4. State Value

Example Q11C SPM 2008 1. Diagram 11.1 shows a light signal travelling through an optical fibre made of glass.

(a) The optical fibre in Diagram above can be used in telecommunications and medicine. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of optical fibres for use in these fields as shown in Table 11.

Explain the suitability of each feature of optical fibre in Table 11 for use in telecommunications and medicine. Determine the most suitable optical fibre that is capable of carrying the largest number of signals simultaneously. Give reasons for your choice.
[10 marks]

Characteristics

Explanation

Use a bundle of fine parallel optical fibre 1

Choose 1 > 2 1

Can receive more information 1

Total internal reflection can occur 1 So that it can follow the curve path 1 So that the signal can travel without losing information // information easy to send 1

Must be high flexibility 1 Purity of inner core must be very high 1

R is choose 1 Because it use a bundle of fine parallel optical fibre, 1 > 2 , high flexibility and very high purity of inner core 1

Example 3 Q12C SPM 2012 Diagram 11.1 shows a golfer continues his swing after the golf ball has been hit. This action is called follow through. The purpose of follow through is to increases the impulse acting on the ball.

Diagram 11.2 on page 31, shows four flag poles, P, Q, R and S with different specification mounted on the ground.
[10 marks]

You are required to determine the most suitable characteristics of flag pole that can withstand strong wind. Study the specification of all the four flag poles from the following aspects: The density of the pole The flexibility of the pole The maximum tension of the string The height of strings tied to the pole Explain the suitability of the aspects and determine the most suitable flag pole. Give reason for your choice.
[10 marks]

Characteristics

Explanation

Small/low density 1

High (flexibility) 1 High max tension 1

Light // ringan// heavy // withstand force // stable // tegaak // strong // not easy to fall 1 Difficult to break// can sway//strong 1 High force // not break //lasting // strong 1 Stable//force high//stand still//not easy to fall//strong 1

High position1

Q 1 4 characteristics // 4 reasons // 4 combinations (characteristics + reason) 1

E. COMPRENSHION This element is concerned with the ability to interpret, extrapolate, and understand concepts or principle in Physics.
You are given two pieces of plane mirror measuring 5 cm x 6 cm to make a periscope. Using these mirrors and other materials, describe how you would make the periscope. [4 marks]

ANSWER STRATEGY PHYSICS QUESTIONS PAPER 3

Written Practical Questions (1 Hours 30 Minutes)

SECTION A Section A consists of two structured questions. You need to answer all questions from this section. This section is allocated a total of 28 MARKS.

experiments that you should have already done in the laboratory. 2. The questions in this section normally require you to: - State the variables base on the experiment given. (You are normally required state the manipulated variable, the responding variable and the constant variable based on the aim and the procedure of the experiment) - Record the data and do the tabulations. (Make sure you know how to tabulate the data correctly). - Plot a graph. (Make sure you know how to plot a graph correctly) - State the relationship between two variables from the graph.

1. The questions from this section also involve the interpretation of graphs. 2. You will also need to know how to determine the gradient and the unit of the gradient of a graph. 3. The questions from this section may also involve the calculation of certain quantities. Make sure that you write down all the steps involved in the spaces provided in the questions paper. (Make sure you know how to use the value of the gradient in the calculation) 4. You may need to state the precaution of the experiment. 5. You are advised to spend 30 minutes on this section

SECTION B 1. Section B consists of two questions. You need to answer ONE question only from this section. 2. This section is allocated a total of 12 MARKS. 3. You are advised to spend 30 minutes on this section. 4. The questions in this section are normally base on the diagram of a situation in our daily lives together with a brief write-up on the situation. 5. You will have to study the situation carefully and try to find the variables related in the situation.

6. You will also be asked to state one appropriate inference, hypothesis for an investigation and to describe an experimental framework to test hypothesis. In your description, you will have to state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment (ii) Variables involved in the experiment (iiii) List of apparatus and materials (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus (v) The procedure of the experiment which includes - the methods of controlling the manipulated variable - the method of measuring the responding variable - the method of repeated experiment (vi) The way you would tabulate the data (vii) The way you would analyse the data

7. Make sure that you describe your experiment

Section A [28 marks] all questions in this A student Answer carries out an experiment tosection investigate the relationship between the length of wire, l, and its resistance, R. The arrangement of the apparatus is shown in Diagram 1.1. An ammeter, dry cells, a rheostat, a switch and piece of constantan sire are connected in series. A voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference, V, across the constantan wire between P and Q.

A constantan wire of length, l = 20.0 cm is connected between P and Q. When the switch is on, the rheostat is adjusted until the ammeter reading is 0.50 A. The voltmeter reading, V, is as shown in Diagram 1.2 on page 4. The corresponding voltmeter reading across P and Q are shown in Diagram 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 page 4.

(a) For the experiment describe on pages 2 and 3, identify: The manipulated variable Length of (wire) / l
[1 mark]

(b)The responding variable Resistance / R // Potential difference / V // Voltmeter reading // Voltage *Rej: voltmeter
[1 mark]

(c) The constant variable Diameter of wire // Type of wire // Current // Thickness // Cross-sections of wire // Radius // Ammeter reading // SWG // Resistivity // Temperature *Rej: Size, no of battery, emf, dge
[1 mark]

b) Based in Diagram 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 on page 4: Record the voltmeter readings, V, in the spaces provided on page 4. Diagram 1.2 : 0.4 V Diagram 1.3 : 0.9 V Diagram 1.4 : 1.3 V Diagram 1.5 : 1.7 V Diagram 1.6 : 2.2 V [2 marks] (i) Calculate the values of R for each length of wire using the formula R = V/0.5 Diagram 1.2 : 0.8 [2 marks] Diagram 1.3 : 1.8 Diagram 1.4 : 2.6 Diagram 1.5 : 3.4 Diagram 1.6 : 4.4

(ii) Tabulate your results for V and R for all values of l, in the space below.
[3 marks]

l / cm 20.0 40.0 60.0

V/V 0.4 0.9 1.3

R / ohm 0.8 1.8 2.6

80.0 100.0

1.7 2.2

3.4 4.4

Note: Values of l, V and R shown in the table State the units of l, V and R correctly The values of l, V and R are consistent to one or two decimal place.

(c) On the graph paper on page 6, plot a graph of R against l.

Show R on the vertical-axis and l on the horizontal-axis State the units of the variable correctly / symbol of units Both axes are marked with uniform (even) scale * (1:1, 1: 2, 1:4, 1:5, 1:10) * Rej: Odd scale All five points are plotted correctly * 1 (2 mm x 2 mm) * 5 points 2m * 3-4 points 1m Best fitted straight line * point to the line 5 mm @ 2.5 Show the minimum size of graph at least 5 (y) x 4 (x) ( 10 cm x 8 cm) square * Start from the origin until the last point
[5 marks]

(d) Based on your graph in 1(c), state the relationship between R and l. Resistance of wire (R) is directly proportional to the length of wire (l)/ R l / l R / Increasing linearly
[1 mark]

2. A student carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the mass, m, of a load placed on a spring and the length, l, of the spring. The student also determines the spring constant, k. The result of this experiment is shown in the graph of l against m in Diagram below.

(a) Based on the graph in Diagram 2.1 (i) what happens to l as m increases? Increases // longer // extended // greater length // bigger length // higher length
[1 mark]

(ii) determine the value of l when m = 0 g. l = 9.5 10 cm - show graphical extrapolation correctly - state the value within acceptable range

[2 marks]

(b) The spring constant, k, is given by the formula k = 1/h, where h is the gradient of the graph. (i) Calculate the gradient, h, of the graph. Show on the graph how you calculate h. [3 marks] h = (22.5 10)/60 = 0.208 cm g-1 - Draw a sufficiently large triangle 8 cm x 8 cm - Correct substitution - State the value within acceptable range and correct unit * Reject : answer in fraction

(ii)

Determine the value of k.

[2 marks]

k = 1/h = 4.81 g cm-1

- Correct substitution - State the value of k within the acceptable range

(c) Another identical spring is connected in series to the end of the spring. The spring constant, k, of 1 1 1 ' the two springs the k series is given by k' k in formula 1/k` Calculate k.= 1/k + 1/k k = . [2 marks] State the value of k -1 g cm-1 / 2.405 g cm (d) 2.41 State two precautions that can be taken to improve the accuracy of the readings in this experiment. Repeat readings and take average Eye perpendicular to the scale/reading to avoid parallax error. Ensure the spring does not swing / at rest when reading is taken. *Rej: parallax error, parallel

Section B
[12 marks] Answer any one questions from this section

1. Diagram 3 shows two opaque cups, A and B, containing different amount of water. A similar coin is placed at the bottom of each cup. When the coin is observed from the same position, the image of the coin in cup A cannot be seen, but the image of the coin in cup B can be seen.

Based on your observation on the depth of the water and the position of the images of the coins: (a) State one suitable inference Depth of water affects the position of image // Position of image depends on the depth of water *Note: Must have cause without effect RV influenced by MV RV affected MV MV affects RV
[1 mark]

(b)State one hypothesis that could be investigated. The more the depth of water, the more the depth of the image // the higher is the image. *Note: Must have cause and effect
[1 mark]

(c) With the use of apparatus such as a tall beaker, pins and other apparatus, describe an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in 3(b) In your description, state clearly the following; (i) The aim of the experiment. To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and apparent depth // real depth and apparent depth *Note: Relate MV and RV (ii) The variables in the experiment. Manipulated variable: Real depth Responding variable: Apparent depth // Depth of image * Note: Both must correct Constant variable: Density of water //

(iii) The list of apparatus and materials. Beaker, Water, Pins, Set of retort stand, Metre rule // Diagram
[1 mark]

(iv) The arrangement of apparatus. - State a functional arrangement of the apparatus *Note: Functional mean experimental can be done or

[1 mark]

(v) The procedures of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding State the method to control manipulated variable. variable Fill beaker with water to a depth of d1 = 10 cm / any number or symbol/letter State the method to measure the responding variable Move the pin outside the beaker to obtain the apparent position of the pin in the beaker. Measure the position of the pin from the surface of the water to the pin. Repeat the experiment at least 4 times Repeat the previous steps by increasing the depth of water 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 [3 cm. marks]

(vi) The way to tabulate the data. Show how the data is tabulated. *Note: Must have 2 columns
Depth of water, d / cm 10 15 20 25 30 Apparent depth, h / cm

(vii) The way to analyse the data.

Apparent depth/cm

Depth of water/cm

- If use symbol, must mention earlier. - Accept conclusion, statement of variable related. - hd