Mechanics II

BSM 024

Lec. 1

Dr Arwa Hussein
2
Introduction
Dynamics includes:
- Kinematics: study of the motion (displacement, velocity, acceleration,
& time) without reference to the cause of motion (i.e. regardless of
forces).
- Kinetics: study of the forces acting on a body, and the resulting
motion caused by the given forces.
Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a
particle as it moves along a straight line.
Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a
particle as it moves along a curved line.
3
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
4
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
Particle moving along a straight line is said
to be in rectilinear motion.
Position coordinate of a particle is defined by
(+ or -) distance of particle from a fixed
origin on the line.
The motion of a particle is known if the
position coordinate for particle is known for
every value of time t. Motion of the particle
may be expressed in the form of a function,
e.g.,
3 2
6 t t x =
or in the form of a graph x vs. t.
5
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
Instantaneous velocity may be positive or
negative. Magnitude of velocity is referred
to as particle speed.
Consider particle which occupies position P
at time t and P at t+At,
t
x
v
t
x
t A
A
= =
A
A
=
A 0
lim
Average velocity
Instantaneous velocity
From the definition of a derivative,
dt
dx
t
x
v
t
=
A
A
=
A 0
lim
e.g.,
2
3 2
3 12
6
t t
dt
dx
v
t t x
= =
=
6
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
Consider particle with velocity v at time t and
v at t+At,
Instantaneous acceleration
t
v
a
t A
A
= =
A 0
lim
t
dt
dv
a
t t v
dt
x d
dt
dv
t
v
a
t
6 12
3 12 e.g.
lim
2
2
2
0
= =
=
= =
A
A
=
A
From the definition of a derivative,
7
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
Consider particle with motion given by
3 2
6 t t x =
2
3 12 t t
dt
dx
v = =
t
dt
x d
dt
dv
a 6 12
2
2
= = =
at t = 0, x = 0, v = 0, a = 12 m/s
2

at t = 2 s, x = 16 m, v = v
max
= 12 m/s, a = 0
at t = 4 s, x = x
max
= 32 m, v = 0, a = -12 m/s
2

at t = 6 s, x = 0, v = -36 m/s, a = -24 m/s
2

8
Determining the Motion of a Particle
Recall, motion is defined if position x is known for all time t.
If the acceleration is given, we can determine velocity and
position by two successive integrations.
Three classes of motion may be defined for:
- acceleration given as a function of time, a =f(t)
- acceleration given as a function of position, a = f(x)
- acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v)
dx
v
dt
=
dv
a
dt
=
2
2
d x
a
dt
=
dv dv dx dv
a v
dt dx dt dx
= = =
9
Determining the Motion of a Particle
Acceleration given as a function of time, a = f(t):
0
0
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
v t t
v
dv
a f t dv f t dt dv f t dt v v f t dt
dt
= = = = =
} } }
0
0
0 0
x t t
x
dx
v dx vdt dx vdt x x vdt
dt
= = = =
} } }
0 0 0
2 2
0
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
v x x
v x x
dv
a f x v vdv f x dx vdv f x dx v v f x dx
dx
= = = = =
} } }
Acceleration given as a function of position, a = f(x):
0
0
x t
x
dx dx dx
v dt dt
dt v v
= = =
} }
10
Determining the Motion of a Particle
0 0
0
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
v t v
v v
dv dv dv dv
a f v dt dt t
dt f v f v f v
= = = = =
} } }
0 0 0
0
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
x v v
x v v
dv vdv vdv vdv
a f v v dx dx x x
dx f v f v f v
= = = = =
} } }
Acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v):
11
Summary
Procedure:
1. Establish a coordinate system & specify an origin
2. Remember: x,v,a,t are related by:



3. When integrating, either use limits (if known) or add a constant of integration
dx
v
dt
=
dv
a
dt
=
2
2
d x
a
dt
=
dv dv dx dv
a v
dt dx dt dx
= = =
12
Sample Problem
Determine:
velocity and elevation above ground at time t,
highest elevation reached by ball and corresponding time, and
time when ball will hit the ground and corresponding velocity.
Ball tossed with 10 m/s vertical velocity from window 20 m above ground.
13
Sample Problem 11.2
( )
( ) t v t v dt dv
a
dt
dv
t t v
v
81 . 9 81 . 9
s m 81 . 9
0
0
2
0
= =
= =
} }
( ) t t v |
.
|

\
|
=
2
s
m
81 . 9
s
m
10
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1
0
0
81 . 9 10 81 . 9 10
81 . 9 10
0
t t y t y dt t dy
t v
dt
dy
t t y
y
= =
= =
} }
( )
2
2
s
m
905 . 4
s
m
10 m 20 t t t y |
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
SOLUTION:
Integrate twice to find v(t) and y(t).
14
Sample Problem 11.2
Solve for t at which velocity equals zero and evaluate
corresponding altitude.
( ) 0
s
m
81 . 9
s
m
10
2
= |
.
|

\
|
= t t v
s 019 . 1 = t

( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
s 019 . 1
s
m
905 . 4 s 019 . 1
s
m
10 m 20
s
m
905 . 4
s
m
10 m 20
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
y
t t t y
m 1 . 25 = y
15
Sample Problem 11.2
Solve for t at which altitude equals zero and
evaluate corresponding velocity.
( ) 0
s
m
905 . 4
s
m
10 m 20
2
2
= |
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ = t t t y
( )
s 28 . 3
s meaningles s 243 . 1
=
=
t
t
( )
( ) ( ) s 28 . 3
s
m
81 . 9
s
m
10 s 28 . 3
s
m
81 . 9
s
m
10
2
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
v
t t v
s
m
2 . 22 = v
16
What if the ball is tossed downwards with the same speed?
v
o
=- 10 m/s