Genetic Diversity

Indeswati Diyatri

Departemen Biologi Oral Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Airlangga

Genetic diversity
- Refers to the variation at the level of individual genes (polymorphism), - provides a mechanism for populations to adapt to their ever-changing environment.

Biological diversity, or biodiversity the collection of species of plants, animals, bacteria, etc. - all the living organisms - that inhabit a particular ecosystem.

There is an interdependence between biological and genetic diversity; Changes in biodiversity result in changes in the environment, requiring subsequent adaptation of the remaining species.

Ecosystem diversity : the aggregate of different environmental types in a region. Example: a country on the coast could have a diversity of ecosystems from sandy beaches with salt water-adapted biodiversity, to lush rain forests and dry deserts, each with a unique set of species.

Genetic Diversity fundamental organizational component of biodiversity, since species diversity is built from genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity derives from species diversity.

Basic Genetics & Cell Biology

Regardless of the complexity, every living entity contains a blueprint for its construction in the form of a double-helical chain of molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) .

Genes and DNA

A gene is a section of chromosome that codes for a spesific trait or funtion protein synthesis

MUTASI .

MUTASI TINGKAT KROMOSOM

MUTASI TINGKAT KROMOSOM

MUTASI TINGKAT KROMOSOM .

MUTASI PADA TINGKAT GEN Substitusi Insersi (1 atau lebih) Delesi (1 atau lebih)

SUBSTITUSI

Disebut juga mutasi titik / point mutation Transisi : penggantian suatu basa purin dengan basa purin lainnya, atau pirimidin dengan pirimidin lainnya thd pasangan basa molekul DNA, mis: G A,C T Transversi: penggantian suatu basa purin dengan pirimidin atau sebaliknya, terhadap pasangan molekul DNA, mis A T, C G.

CONSEQUENCES OF GENETIC ERRORS = SOURCES OF GENETIC VARIATION

Mutation - are changes in DNA structure, and therefore changes in protein and phenotype. Mutations are rare! For every 100 million nucleotides added to a developing DNA strand only one mistake occurs on average.

Mutations are heritable; and may be beneficial, neutral, lethal, detrimental or harmful to the organism.

Types of Mutation (1)

1. Induced - caused by viruses, UV radiation, some chemicals (nitric acid changes cytosine to uracil) or mutagens (or carcinogens - benzene, cigarette smoke).

Types of Mutation (2) 2. Spontaneous Proofreading mistakes during DNA replication (Base substitutions) - not necessarily a serious change. Frame shift mutation (Addition or deletion of a base) - serious change!

Types of Mutation (3) 3. Chromosomal mutations (disruption in chromosmal morphology - inversions and translocations).

Types of Mutation (4)

A 3 letter code or codon is analogous to three letter words in a sentence.

Original sequence Base or letter substitutions THE CAT SAW THE DOG THE BAT SAW THE DOG THE CAT SAW THE HOG THE CAB SAW THE DOG THE CAT SAW SHE DOG THE CAT SAD THE DOG THE CAT SAW THE DOC

Types of Mutation (5)

Original sequence THE CAT SAW THE DOG Deletions THE CAT SAW TED OG THE ATS AWT HED OG Additions THE CAT SAW THE ZDO G THE CMA TAS WTH EDO G

The fact that any two humans are approximately 99,9% identical at the DNA sequence level indicates that we are genetically quite similar to one another.

Behavioral and environmental factors (tobacco use, diet, exercise, medical treatment, etc) play enormous roles in the caution of common diseases.

Mercury in Dentistry

Amalgam fillings (total weight 0.7-1.2 grams) can cause deposition of mercury in the spinal ganglia, anterior pituitary, adrenal, medulla, liver, kidneys, lungs, and intestinal lymph glands. The highest levels of mercury were located in the kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and jaw.

Scientific research has already demonstrated that mercury, even in small amounts, can damage the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, blood cells, enzymes and hormones, and suppresses the body's immune (defense) system

July 2000 : National Academy of Sciences study 60,000 children are born at risk for adverse neurodevelopmental effects each year due to their mothers' exposure to methylmercury.

The WHO document clearly states that the largest estimated average daily intake and retention of mercury and mercury compounds in the general population is from dental amalgams, not from food or air. The estimated average daily intake of mercury from dental amalgams being 3.8-21 micrograms per day.

A Center for Disease Control and Prevention study in March 2001 (in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) : about 10% of American women of child-bearing age are at risk for having a baby born with neurological problems due to in utero mercury exposure (statistically representing about 375,000 babies/year).

oral and intestinal bacteria can methylate mercury to methyl-mercury increasing its uptake by fetal tissues

Further, it is obvious that one of the major neurotoxins produced during gingivitis and periodontal disease, methylthiol (CH3SH), reacts immediately with Hg2+ creating a new class of toxic, organic mercury-thiol compounds, (CH3-S-HgCl and CH3SHg-S-CH3), that are extremely dangerous.

These compounds would behave similarly to methyl-mercury (CH3HgCl) in that they would easily pass the gastrointestinal and blood-brain barriers. Such compounds formed in the mother's mouth may be the major cause of periodontal disease being the major risk factor for pre-term low birth weight babies.

Mercury and genetic diversity (?)

Alzheimer
Autism

disease

Others

(?)

Other dental material and genetic diversity (?)

Arsenic
Ceramics

Others