REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENT
MATRIX

REINFORCEMENT

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

OTHER REINFORCEMENTS Glass Beads Does not increase viscosity Asbestos Health hazard Confined to Brake lining & Clutch facing Carbon Fibers Higher Strength Reduced Coefficient of Friction Higher Thermal & Electrical Conductivity Inert Surface Aramid High Temperature Resistance, Tough Bonding difficult UHMWPE Low Melting Point Unreactive Surface Short Stainless Steel Fibers Less build up in Viscosity Conductive Applications (RFI & EMI Shield)

REINFORCEMENT
FIBRES:

REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENT

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

ADVANTAGES High Strength & Stiffness Light Weight Design Flexibility Dimensional Stability Higher Heat Deflection Temperature High Dielectric Strength Corrosion Resistance Less Finishing Moderate Tooling Cost

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

LIMITATIONS

Higher Processing Temperatures & Pressures Machine Wear Lower Impact Strength Anisotropic Properties Loss of Transparency Finish Cost Higher Specific Gravity

REINFORCEMENT

TARGET

PROCEDURE

REINFORCEMENT

High Performance Reinforcement Continuous Fibers Volume Loading Low Performance Reinforcement Short Fibers Particulate Reinforcing Fillers Volume Loading

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

MECHANICAL STRENGTH Depends on amount, type & arrangement of fibers CHEMICAL,ELECTRICAL & THERMAL PROPERTY Depends on choice of matrix, formulation & other additives

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

ARRANGEMENT OF FIBERS Unidirectional - 80% loading by weight possible Continuous Pultrusion Bidirectional - 75% loading by weight possible Hand Lay up Multidirectional 10 to 50% loading by weight possible Compression & Injection Molding Spray, Preform, Pressure Bag

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

Unidirectional Reinforcement Longitudinal Response Assumptions: Isostrain conditions ( of composite = of fiber = of matrix) Matrix & Fibers are elastic Poisson ratio of matrix = Poisson Ratio of Fiber F Composite =F Fiber + F Matrix Force = Stress () x Area (A) (Composite) =n (fiber) + (Matrix) Volume (Vc) Composite = n Volume (Vf) Fiber + Volume (Vm) Matrix Volume Fraction of Matrix m =Vm Vc Volume fraction of Fiber f = nVf Vc m = 1 - f

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

Volume = Length x Area Length of composite = fiber = matrix c = ff + (1 - f )m Under isostrain conditions of composite = of fiber = of matrix c c = f f f+ (1 - f )m m Ec = f Ef + (1 - f )Em Limitation of Assumptions Micro cracks, Voids Perfect adhesion between fiber & matrix Practical: k Fiber utilization efficiency K Critical Volumetric Fraction c =K{f}f + (1 - f )m

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

Transverse Direction Assumption: Isostress Conditions Fiber & Matrix are elastic Poisson Ratio of Fiber & Matrix are equal Strain terms are additive Vcc = nVf f + Vmm c = ff + (1 - f )m Under isostress conditions c = f =m Jc = fJf + (1 - f )Jm 1/Ec = f/Ef + (1 - f )/Em Ec = Ef Em/f/Em + (1 - f )/Ef

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

Angular Orientation of the Fibers Three possible modes of failure 1.Fracture at right angles to the fiber axis [c]= [c]n Cos2 2.Failure in the Shear plane to Fiber due to debonding or matrix failure [c] = m sin cos 3.Tension failure of matrix to fiber [c] = [c]90 sin2

HIGH PERFORMANCE REINFORCEMENT

Randomly Oriented Fibers [E]c = [E]c d d Integrate 0 to 2 By simple law of mixture E = Ff Ef + (1 - f )Em F = Fiber efficiency factor function of fiber volumetric fraction & ratio of modulus of fibers to that of matrix F is in the range of 0.15 0.60