Soil-Pile I nteraction in

FB-MultiPier
Developed by: Florida Bridge Software Institute
Dr. Mike McVay, Dr. Marc Hoit, Dr. Mark Williams
Dr. J. Brian Anderson, P.E.


Session Outline
Identify and Discuss Soil-Pile Interaction Models
Precast & Cast Insitu Axial T-Z & Q-Z Models
Torsional T-u Models
Lateral P-Y Models
Nonlinear Pile Structural Models
FB-MultiPier Input and Output
Example #1 Single Pile

Session Outline
Identify and Discuss Soil-Pile Interaction Models
Precast & Cast Insitu Axial T-Z & Q-Z Models
Torsional T-u Models
Lateral P-Y Models
Nonlinear Pile Structural Models
FB-MultiPier Input and Output
Example #1 Single Pile

Soil-Structure Interaction
Vertical Nonlinear Spring
Lateral Nonlinear Spring
Torsional Nonlinear Spring
Nonlinear Tip Spring
Driven Piles - Axial Side Model
z
o
r
o z
o
u
o
u
o
r
o
r
+ A o
r
/ A r - o r
o u
z
t
or
r
t + A t / A r - o r
t
o

r
r
o o
t
t =
t
(Randolph &
Wroth)
Driven Piles - Axial Side Model
z
AZ
Ar
= =
A
A
r d
z d
r
z
G t =
Also:
Substitute:
G
r d
z d
= t
Rearrange:
dr
G
dz
t
=
Previous
r
r
o o
t
t =
Substitute:
dr
G r
r
dz
o 0
t
=
r
m

r
0

Also:
2
f
i
1
(

=
t
t
G G
Substitute:
}
(

=
m
0
r
r
2
f
i
0
1
dr
G r
r
z
o
t
t
t
Driven Piles - Axial Side Model
( )
( )( )
f
0 0
0 m
0 m
0
m
i
0 0
, ln z
t
t
|
| |
|
|
| t r
r r
r r
r
r
G
r
=
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
T-Z (Along Pile)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 0.5 1 1.5
z - Displacement (inches)
T
a
u

0


(
p
s
f
)
t
f
= 1000psf
G
i
= 3 ksi
Driven Piles - Axial Tip Model
( )
2
f
i 0
P
P
1 G r 4
- 1 P
z
(

=
u
Where:
P = Mobilized Base Load
P
f
= Failure Tip Load
r
o
= effective pile radius
u = Poisson ratio of Soil
G
i
= Shear Modulus of Soil
T-Z (At Tip)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 1 2 3 4 5
z - Displacement (inches)
T
i
p

L
o
a
d

(
k
i
p
s
) P
f
= 250 kips
G
i
= 10 ksi
u = 0.3
r
0
= 12 inches
(Kraft, Wroth, etc.)
Driven Piles - Axial Properties
Ultimate Skin Friction (stress), Tau
f
, along
side of pile (input in layers).
Ultimate Tip Resistance (Force), P
f
, at pile
tip .
Compressibility of individual soil layers,
I.e. Shear Modulus, G
i
, and Poissons ratio,
v .
Driven Piles - Axial Properties
From Insitu Data:
Using SPT N Values run SPT97, DRIVEN,
UNIPILE, etc. to Obtain: Tau
f
, and P
f

Using Electric Cone Data run PL-AID, LPC,
FHWA etc. to Obtain: Tau
f
, and P
f
Determine G or E from SPT correlations, i.e.
Mayne, ONeill, etc.
Florida: SPT 97 Concrete Piles
Skin Friction, t
f
(TSF)

Plastic Clay:
t
f
= 2N(110-N)/4006
Sand, Silt Clay Mix:
t
f
= 2N(110-N)/4583
Clean Sand:
t
f
= 0.019N
Soft Limestone
t
f
= 0.01N
Ultimate Tip, P
f
/Area(tsf)
Plastic Clay:
q = 0.7 N
Sand, Silt Clay Mix:
q = 1.6 N
Clean Sand:
q = 3.2 N
Soft Limestone
q = 3.6 N
Cast Insitu Axial Side and Tip Models
For soil (sands and clays)
Follow FHWA Drilled Shaft Manual For Sands
and Clays to Obtain Tau
f
and P
f
( and c
u
)
Shape of T-Z cuve is given by FHWAs Trend
Lines.
User has Option of inputting custom T-z /
Q-z curves
Cast Insitu - Sand (FHWA):
Qs = t D L | o
v

D
L
L/2
o
v
= L/2
| = 1.5 .135 (L/2)
0.5
1.2> | >0.25
Q
t
= 0.6 N
SPT
t D
2
/ 4 N
SPT
< 75

Cast Insitu - Clay (FHWA):
D
L
Qs = 0.55 Cu t D (L-5-D)
Q
t
= 6 [1+0.2(L/D) ] Cu (t D
2
/ 4)
Cast Insitu trend line for Sand

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Settlement / Diameter (%)
M
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
d

S
t
r
e
s
s

/

U
l
t
i
m
a
t
e

S
t
r
e
s
s
End Bearing
Side Friction
Cast Insitu trend line for Clay

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Settlement / Diameter (%)
M
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
d

S
t
r
e
s
s

/

U
l
t
i
m
a
t
e

S
t
r
e
s
s
End Bearing
Side Friction
Session Outline
Identify and Discuss Soil-Pile Interaction Models
Precast & Cast Insitu Axial T-Z & Q-Z Models
Torsional T-u Models
Lateral P-Y Models
Nonlinear Pile Structural Models
FB-MultiPier Input and Output
Example #1 Single Pile

Torsional Model (Pile/Shaft)

Hyperbolic Model
G and Tau
f


Custom T-u
Torsional Model (Pile/Shaft)
u (rad)
T (F-L)
T
ult
=1/b
(dT/du)=1/a ~ G
i

T
ult
= 2t r
2
A L t
ult
T = u / ( a + b u )
Tult = tf Asurf r
tult = Ultimate Axial
Skin Friction
(stress)
Session Outline
Identify and Discuss Soil-Pile Interaction Models
Precast & Cast Insitu Axial T-Z & Q-Z Models
Torsional T-u Models
Lateral P-Y Models
Nonlinear Pile Structural Models
FB-MultiPier Input and Output
Example #1 Single Pile

Lateral Soil-Structure Interaction
Passive State
Active State
Y
Near Field: Lateral (Piles/Shafts)
r
y
X
P r d
F
L
r
|
\

|
.
| =
}
o u
t
0
2
P r d
F
L
r
|
\

|
.
| =
}
o u
t
0
2
u
r
Y=5
o
r
u o
r
Y=0
P = 0
P
Y
P
u
P
r
Stiff
Clay
Sand &
Soft Clay
P P
P P
P-y Curves - Reeses Sand
k
m
b/60 3b/80
x = 0
x = x
1
x = x
2
x = x
3
x = x
4
u
p k
y k
y m
y
u
p m
p u
m
y
P
k
s
x
Pu is a function of
|, , and b
Y is a function
of b (pile diameter)
0.0
0.5
1.0
P
P
U
y
y
50
1.0 8.0
p
p
0.5
y
y
u 50
1 / 3
|
\

|
.
| =
|
\

|
.
|

Matlocks Soft Clay
Pu is a function of
C
u
, , and b
Y is a function of
y
50
(c
50
)
Reeses Stiff Clay Below Water
Deflection, y (in.)
S
o
i
l

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,

p

(
l
b
/
i
n
.
)
18A
s
y
50
6A
s
y
50 y
50 A
s
y
50
E
si
= k
s
x
0.5P
c
0
P P
c
y
y
= 0 5
50
0 5
. ( )
.
P p
offset c
y A y
A y
s
s
=

0 055
50
50
1 25
. ( )
.
STATIC
E
ss
p
y
c
=
0 0625
50
.
Pc is a function of
C, , k
s
and b
Y is a function of
y
50
(c
50
)
ONeills Integrated Clay
0.0
0.5
1.0
RATIO OF DEFLECTION,
R
A
T
I
O

O
F

S
O
I
L

R
E
S
I
S
T
A
N
C
E
,

P
/

P


U
20 1
P
P
Y
Y
U C
= 0 5
0 387
. ( )
.
Y
Y
C
P P FOR X X
U Cr
= >
P
P
S S
X
X
U Cr
F F = + ( ) 1
6
Pu is a function of
c, and b
F
s
is a function of c
100
Y
c
is a function of b and c
50

Soil Properties for Standard Curves
Sand:
Angle of internal friction, |
Total unit weight,
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, k
Clay or Rock:
Undrained Strength, Cu
Total Unit Weight,
Strain at 50% of Failure Stress, c
50
Optional: k, and

c
100

Soil Information
Help Menu
EPRI (Kulhawy & Mayne)
P-y Curves from Insitu Tests

Cone Pressuremeter

Marchetti Dilatometer
Insitu PMT & DMT Testing
Cone Pressuremeter

Cone Pressuremeter
(Robertson, Briaud, etc.)
Marchetti Dilatometer
Pressuremeter P-y Curves Auburn, Alabama
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
y (mm)
P

(
k
N
/
m
m
)
1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
6 m
8 m
10 m

PMT P-y Curves - Auburn
Dilatometer P-y Curves Auburn, Alabama
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
y (mm)
P
(
k
N
/
m
)
0.6 m
2.1 m
3 m
4.2 m
6.3 m
7.2 m

DMT P-y Curves - Auburn
Actual and Predicted Lateral Top of Shaft Deflections
Auburn, Alabama
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Lateral Deflection (mm)
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

L
o
a
d

(
k
N
)
PMT
DMT
CPT
Shaft 1
Shaft 2
Shaft 3
Shaft 6

Auburn Predictions
P-y Curves for PMT1
Pascagoula, Mississippi
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
y (mm)
P

(
k
N
/
m
m
)
9.7
10.7
11.7
12.7
13.8
14.8
15.8
16.8
17.8
18.8

PMT P-y Curves Pascagoula
P-Y Curves from DMT 1
Pascagoula, Mississippi
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
p (mm)
y

(
k
N
/
m
m
)
9.6
10.8
11.7
12.6
16.0
16.9
17.8

DMT P-y Curves Pascagoula
Pascagoula Predictions

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 10 20 30 40 50
Deflection (mm)
L
o
a
d

(
k
N
)

DMT
PMT
Actual
Instrumentation & Measurements
Strain gages
Measure strain
Calculate bending moment, M = (EI/c), if EI
of section known
high tech
Slope inclinometer
Measures slope
Relatively low tech

Theoretical Pile Behavior
P
M
Pile
Y(z)
Deflection
Y(z)
Slope
M(z)
Moment
M(z)
Shear
P(z)
Soil Reaction
Strain Gages Bending Moment
Bending Moment versus Depth
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Bending Moment (kN*m)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
) 36
62
93
121
153
182
211
258
Lateral
Load in
Kilonewtons
Bending Moment vs. Depth
P
M
Pile
Y(z)
Deflection
Y(z)
Slope
M(z)
Moment
M(z)
Shear
P(z)
Soil Reaction
Two Integrals to Deflection
P
M
Pile
Y(z)
Deflection
Y(z)
Slope
M(z)
Moment
M(z)
Shear
P(z)
Soil Reaction
} }
Two Derivatives to Load
P
M
Pile
Y(z)
Deflection
Y(z)
Slope
M(z)
Moment
M(z)
Shear
P(z)
Soil Reaction
z c
c
z c
c
Non-linear Concrete Model
Test Pile T1
0.0E+00
2.0E+05
4.0E+05
6.0E+05
8.0E+05
1.0E+06
0.0E+00 2.0E-03 4.0E-03 6.0E-03 8.0E-03 1.0E-02
Curvature, | (1/m)
E
I

(
k
N
-
m
2
)
P-y Curves from Strain Gages
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Displacement, y (mm)
p

(
k
N
/
m
)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.1
D. to G.S.
(m)
Slope Inclinometer Slope
Deflection versus Depth
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Horizontal Displacement (m)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
36
62
90
122
153
183
208
243
Lateral
Load in
Kilonewtons
Slope Inclinometer Slope vs. Depth
P
M
Pile
Y(z)
Deflection
Y(z)
Slope
M(z)
Moment
M(z)
Shear
P(z)
Soil Reaction
One Integral to Deflection
P
M
Pile
Y(z)
Deflection
Y(z)
Slope
M(z)
Moment
M(z)
Shear
P(z)
Soil Reaction
}
Three Derivatives to Load
P
M
Pile
Y(z)
Deflection
Y(z)
Slope
M(z)
Moment
M(z)
Shear
P(z)
Soil Reaction
z c
c
z c
c
z c
c
P-y Curves from Slope Inclinometer
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Displacement, y (mm)
p

(
k
N
/
m
)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
D. to GS
(m)
0
20
40
60
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Displacement, y (mm)
p

(
k
N
/
m
)
SG
inc
PMT/DMT
SPT
Comparison of P-y Curves
Prediction of Pile Top Deflection
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 20 40 60 80 100
Top Displacement (mm)
L
o
a
d

(
k
N
)
W. line
FLPIER-sg
FLPIER-inc
P-y Curves Available in FB-Pier
Standard
Sand
ONeill
Reese, Cox, & Koop
Clay
ONeill
Matlock Soft Clay Below Water Table
Reese Stiff Clay Below Water Table
Reese & Welch Stiff Clay Above Water Table
P-y Curves Available in FB-Pier
User Defined
Pressuremeter
Dilatometer
Instrumentation
Strain Gages
Slope Inclinometer

Session Outline
Identify and Discuss Soil-Pile Interaction Models
Precast & Cast Insitu Axial T-Z & Q-Z Models
Torsional T-u Models
Lateral P-Y Models
Nonlinear Pile Structural Models
FB-MultiPier Input and Output
Example #1 Single Pile

Pile Discrete Element Model
h
h
2
h
2
X
Z
X
Y
(Top View)
(Side View)
M
M
M
M
1
3
2 4
Universal Joint
Rigid center-blocks
Rigid end Block
Spring
Curvature-Strain-Stress-Moment
a) Strain due to
z-axis bending
b) Strain due to
y-axis bending
c) Strain due to
axial thrust
N
N
F
,
F
,
i
i
1
2
x
y
z
dF
dA
i
i
e) Stress-strain relationship
d) Combined strains
Stress-Strain Curves for Concrete & Steel
Strains -> Stress -> Moments
x
y
z
dF
dA
i
i
d) Combined strains
dF
i
=o
i
*dA
i

=
n_Points Integratio
x
y dF* M
Stiffness of Cross-Section: Flexure, Axial

M
u

x
y
z
dF
dA
i
i
d) Combined strains

=
n_Points Integratio
x
y dF* M
Failure Ratio Calculation
M
y

M
x

P
M
xo

M
yo


P
actual

Failure Ratio =
Surface Length
Actual Length
Pile Material Properties
References:
Robertson, P. K., Campanella, R. G., Brown, P. T., Grof, I., and Hughes, J. M., "Design of
Axially and Laterally Loaded Piles Using In Situ Tests: A Case History, Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.518-527, 1985.
Robertson, P. K., Davies, M. P., and Campanella, R. G., "Design of Laterally Loaded Driven
Piles Using the Flat Dilatometer," Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.
30-38, March 1989.
Reese, L. C., Cox, W. R. and Koop, F. D (1974). "Analysis of Laterally Loaded Piles in Sand,"
Paper No. OTC 2080, Proceedings, Fifth Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, (GESA Report No. D-75-9).
Hoit, M.I, McVay, M., Hays, C., Andrade, P. (1996). Nonlinear Pile Foundation Analysis
Using Florida Pier." J ournal of Bridge Engineering. ASCE. Vol. 1, No. 4, pp.135-142.
Randolph, M. and Wroth, C., 1978, Analysis of Deformation of Vertically Loaded Piles, ASCE
J ournal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 104, No. 12, pp. 1465-1488.
Matlock, H., and Reese, L., 1960, Generalized Solutions for Laterally Loaded Piles, ASCE,
J ournal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Vol. 86, No. SM5, pp. 63-91.

Session Outline
Identify and Discuss Soil-Pile Interaction Models
Precast & Cast Insitu Axial T-Z & Q-Z Models
Torsional T-u Models
Lateral P-Y Models
Nonlinear Pile Structural Models
FB-MultiPier Input and Output
Example #1 Single Pile