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There are two theories of antibody production mainly:1.THE INSTRUCTIVE THEORY 2.THE SELECTIVE THEORY
INSTRUCTIVE THEORY These theories postulate that an immunocompetent cell is capable of synthesizing antibodies of any specificity. The antigen encounters an immuno-competent cell and instructs it to produce the complimentary antibody, e.g.-DIRECT TEMPLET THEORY and INDIRECT TEMPLET THEORY.
Burnet and Fenner-1949 proposed this instructive theory to explain the synthesis of antibody as an adaptive protein. According to this theory, antigen enters into B cell and it binds to its DNA and modifies it and forms this modified DNA, antibodies are produced against antigen and it also specific for it. But in nature, there is no need for an antigen to enter into B cell and modify DNA for antibody production because soluble antigen can activate B cell by binding to its cell surface receptor BCR. Because of this reason, this theory also disproved.
Sir Burnet
SELECTIVE THEORIES
These theories shift the emphasis from the antigen to the immuno-competent cell. They postulate that immuno-competent cells have only a restricted immunological range. The antigen exerts only a selective influence by stimulating the appropriate immuno-competent cell to synthesis an antibody, e.g.Side Chain Theory, Natural Selection Theory\ and Clonal Selection Theory.
he hypothesized that receptors (described as side chains) on the surface of cells could bind specifically to toxins in a "lock-and-key" interaction (Emil Fischer) - and that this binding reaction was the trigger for the production of antibodies. Keypoints
All cells express on their surface sidechains (receptors) that bind toxin. Side chains physiologic function is to to take up food. (A ff) Cell overproduces the partcular sidechain (B) and releases it into the bloodstream (C) Soluble sidechain neutralises toxin (C), or recruits complement (D), agglutinates pathogens (D as membrane-bound form) or even opsonises pathogen (activity only known since 1905)
Explains
all oberserved activities of antibodies (agglutinins, lysins, antitoxins and precipitins and even opsonins) Inducibility (only present in blood is soluble form after immunisation) Specificity (only antibodes to particular pathogen)
Problem
This is the present day theory which is also accepted one. Proposed by Burnet in 1957. According this theory, the antigen specificity is predetermined one i.e. B cell is matured with single antigen specificity in bone marrow and B cells with same specificity is referred as B cell clone for a specific specificity. After they matured, they moved to peripheral lymphoid organs. When antigen enters, it moved to peripheral lymphoid organs for activation. In this process, antigen selects a single clone from multiple B cell clone with different specificity. Thus this theory named as clonal selection theory. After a clone is selected by antigen, B cell is activated and proliferated. After proliferation, selected B cells undergo differentiation to form plasma cell and memory B cells for specific antigen. Plasma cells secrete antibodies and they participate in antigen removal and memory cells wait for future antigen encounters. This theory is also practically proved.
B cell
receptor Antibody
Monospecific B cells
Plasma cell
clonal expansion
differentiation
o o o o
Each AFCP is pre-committed to produce one antibody (monospecific) Each AFCP carrys membrane-bound immunoglobulin B cell that binds Ag gets expanded and differentiates into AFC Explains - Specifity
- Induciblity - Secondary response - Tolerance to self-antigens (clonal deletion, 1949)
2012 Batch)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burnet_2jpg.jpg
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=clonal http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/508234?c=people