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Chapter 13
Introduction
Although you may never write a computer program, you may need a programmer to write or modify one for you. Thus, you should understand how programmers develop programs in order to meet your information requirements.
Analysis
Design
Systems Investigation
Systems Analysis
1. What information will go into the software
Programmers Tools
Pseudocode
Program Flowcharts
Pseudocode
Pseudocode
Outline of necessary steps (algorithm)
Use simple English One command per line Boldface important words Start at top Form modules using spaces
Program Flowcharts
Program Flowcharts
Graphical depiction of the detailed steps that software will perform Plots softwares algorithm Uses symbols to outline steps
Systems Design
Input is information that comes from an external source and enters the software
Processing - manages information according to the softwares logic Output is the information software produces after it has processed input
Input-Process-Output Tables
Convert logical descriptions into software specifications
How Do I Tell the Computer How to Read My Algorithm? -Sequential execution is when a computer performs each line of software code in the order it appears
Control Structures
Control Structures
Control Structures
Sequential execution code is executed in order it appears Control structures you specify order in which code is executed
Sequence control structures Selection control structures Repetition control structures
Do-Until Statement
For-Next Statement
Testing Software
Debugging
Process of finding errors Bugs common name for software errors
Types of errors:
Syntax Errors Run-time Errors Logic Errors
Run-Time Errors
Mistakes that occur when you run code
Not displaying a window correctly Not matching variables in a calculation Adding a number and a letter is a good example
Logic Errors
Check for logic errors when you design an algorithm Logic error is a mistake in the way algorithm solves a problem
p. 13.402 - Fig. 13.11
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Managing Development
RAD uses prototypes to test software components until they meet specifications
CASE tool software applications that help prepare reports, draw program flowcharts, and generate software code for prototypes
CVS is an open source software tool that tracks all changes to a projects Code
Implementing Software
Comments
Documentation
Maintaining software
Software Patches
Small fix to a program problem Uses a piece of software code
Software upgrades
Used when patches are no longer enough Substantial revision of existing software Example MS Office 2003 is an upgrade to MS Office XP
Assembly language
Machine-dependent & low level language Uses words and abbreviations
SimNet
Programming Languages
Machine Language
Machine-dependent language is a programming language that works on a specific computer system and its components A low-level language requires programmers to code at a basic level that a computer can understand Machine-language is a machine-dependent, low-level language that uses binary code to interact with a specific computer system
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Assembly Language
Assembly language is a machinedependent, low-level language that uses words instead of binary numbers to program a specific computer system An assembler is utility program that converts assembly language into machine language that a computer can use to run software
Third-Generation Languages
Third-Generation Language:
Machine-independent & high-level language Uses human words and symbols Procedural language Examples
COBOL C++ Fortran Java
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Fourth-Generation Languages
Fourth-Generation Language:
Machine-independent High-level language Non procedural Uses human words and symbols Example - SQL
Scripted
Event-Driven
Interpreted
Interpreter JavaScript and VBScript
Event-driven
Responds to actions users perform on the program
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Object-Oriented Programming
Objects
Object property Object method
SimNet
J2SE
J2EE
J2ME
Microsoft .NET
.NET is the next generation of development environments .NET will allow businesses to create applications and systems that work almost anywhere .NET uses a combination of development tools, servers, XML Web services, and smart client software
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Microsoft .NET
Visual Studio .NET is a software development environment that allows programmers to write code in Visual Basic, C++, or C# for the .NET framework
Software development environment Software patch Software upgrade Source code Syntax error Technical writer Third generation language User manual
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Review of Concepts
1. Developing Pseudocode to Solve a Business Process
How to sell event tickets
3. Renting a Car