Department of

Geology
and

Environment
-represent-

science

at Islamic University of Gaza (IUG)

Solid Waste Management

Presented by

Prof. Dr. Samir Afifi

-March 2007-

2- Waste Characterization

2-Waste Characterization
2.1 Introduction 2.2 Waste Generation Rates 2.3 Waste Composition 2.4 Waste Trends

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2- Waste Characterization

Main elements of waste characterization:

Waste sources and types Waste generation rate Waste composition

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2- Waste Characterization

Important of waste characterization: It is necessary to monitor and control existing waste management systems and to make regulatory, financial, and institutional decisions.

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2- Waste Characterization

2.1 Waste sources and types There are eight major classifications of solid waste generators based on waste source:

Residential, Industrial, Commercial, Institutional, construction and Demolition, Municipal services, Process, and Agricultural.

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2- Waste Characterization Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Source Residential

Typical waste Types of solid wastes generators Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes

Industrial

Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants

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All of the above should be included as municipal solid waste.

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Continue Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Source Commercial

Typical waste generators Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers

Types of solid wastes Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes Same as commercial

Institutional

Construction New construction and Demolition sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings
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Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.

All of the above should be included as municipal solid waste.

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Continue Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Source
Municipal services

Typical waste generators

Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants

Types of solid wastes

Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge

Process

Heavy and light Industrial process wastes, scrap manufacturing, materials, off-specification refineries, chemical products, slag, tailings plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing

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All of the above should be included as municipal solid waste.

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Continue Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Agriculture

Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms

Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides)

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2- Waste Characterization

MSW includes:

Residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, construction, demolition, process, and municipal services.

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2- Waste Characterization

Some sources are commonly excluded, such as industrial, construction and demolition, and municipal services. In high income countries, only 25 percent to 35 percent of the overall waste stream is from residential sources.

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2- Waste Characterization

If municipal waste stream includes construction and demolition waste, the quantity of waste is doubled.

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2- Waste Characterization

2.2 Waste Generation Rates Factors Influence Waste Generation Rates: Socioeconomic development,

Degree of industrialization,
Climate.
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2- Waste Characterization

Greater the economic wealth and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced Low income countries have the lowest percentage of urban populations and the lowest waste generation rates,

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2- Waste Characterization

As GNP increases toward the middle income range, the per capita waste generation rates also increase,

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2- Waste Characterization
Table 2: Current Urban Municipal Solid Waste Generation

Country

GNP Per Capita

(1995 US $)

Current Urban
MSW Generation (kg/capita/day)

Country

GNP Per Capita

MSW Generation (kg/capita/day)

Low Income 490 Nepal Bangladesh Myanmar Vietnam Mongolia India Lao PDR China Sri Lanka 200 240 240 240 310 340 350 620 700

0.64 0.50 0.49 0.45 0.55 0.60 0.46 0.69 0.79 0.89

Middle Income Indonesia Philippines Thailand

1,410 980 1,050 2,740

0.73 0.76 0.52 1.10

Malaysia
Korea, Republic of

3,890
9,700

0.81
1.64 1.59

High Income 30,990

Hong Kong
Singapore Japan

22,990
26,730 39,640

5.07*
1.10 1.47

*Enormous quantities of construction and 15/34 demolition waste

2- Waste Characterization

2.3 Waste Composition

Factors Influence Waste Composition: Geographical location, Standard of living, Energy source, and Weather

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Percentages based on a weighted average of the compositions for individual countries Compositions for municipal solid waste based on wet weight Different definitions and methodologies for determining composition
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2- Waste Characterization

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Figure 1: Waste Composition of Low, Middle, and High Income Countries

2- Waste Characterization

Conclusion Low and middle income countries have a high percentage of compostable organic matter (40 to 85%) Percentage of consumer packaging wastes increases relative to the populations degree of wealth and urbanization.
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Continue

Conclusion Presence of paper, plastic, glass, and metal becomes more prevalent in the waste stream of middle and high income countries.

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2- Waste Characterization

Figure 2: Variations in Waste Generation and Composition 21/34

2- Waste Characterization

2.4 Waste Trends

Figure 3: United States Material Consumption Trends, 1900-89 (millions of tones)

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2- Waste Characterization

Japan has experienced waste trends comparable to the United States. Waste quantities were rising until 1970, declined temporarily after the 1973 energy crisis, and then rose again slightly. Since 1990, generation rates have stabilized due to an economic slow-down and the implementation of waste reduction policies.
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2- Waste Characterization

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Figure 4: China City Waste Composition

2- Waste Characterization

China is also experiencing rapid population and economic growth. Consequently, municipal solid waste is increasing in excess of 10 percent per year.

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2- Waste Characterization

MSW quantities have increased from 1.19 million tones in 1985 to 1.50 million tones in 1993 Composition shifting towards plastic and paper packaging a reflection of improved living standards.

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2- Waste Characterization
Country GNP Per Capita in 2025 ( US $) 2025 Urban Populati on (% of Total) 2025 Urban MSW Generation (kg/capita/day)

Middle Income Indonesia

3,390 2,400

61.1 60.7

0.8-1.5 1.0

Low Income Nepal Myanmar Vietnam Mongolia

1,050 48.8 360 580 580 560 34.3

0.6-1.0 0.6

Philippines
Thailand Malaysia High Income

2,500
6,650 9,400 41,14 0

74.3
39.1 72.7 88.2 93.7 97.3 100.0 84.9

0.8
1.5 1.4 1.1-4.5 1.4 4.5 1.1 1.3

Bangladesh 440

40.0
47.3 39.0 76.5

0.6
0.6 0.7 0.9

Korea, 17,60 Republic of 0 Hong Kong 31,00 0 Singapore Japan 36,00 0 53,50 0

India
Lao PDR China Sri Lanka 27/34

620
850

45.2
44.5

0.7
0.8 0.9 1.0

1,500 54.5 1,300 42.6

Table 3: 2025 Urban Per Capita Municipal Solid Waste Generation

2- Waste Characterization

Waste generation rate for low income countries increase by approximately 0.2 kg per day Packaging wastes, such as paper, plastic, and glass, will increase as economies increase

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2- Waste Characterization

Middle income countries should anticipate increase of about 0.3 kg/c.d Overall, waste composition is predicted to become even more variable as the percentage of compostable matter declines, and packaging wastes, especially paper and plastic, increase.

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2- Waste Characterization

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Figure 5: Total Waste Quantities and Volumes Generated by Low, Middle and High Income Countries (per day)

2- Waste Characterization

MSW Status By 2025: Urban populations from low and middle income countries will triple their current rate of MSW generation
Low income countries will generate more than twice as much MSW than all of the middle and high income countries

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Continue MSW Status By 2025:

Such a dramatic increase will place enormous stress on limited financial resources and inadequate waste management systems.

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Per capita MSW generation rate in high income countries is expected to remain stable or even decrease slightly due to the strengthening of waste minimization programs.

2- Waste Characterization Continue

MSW Status By 2025:

Overall MSW composition for high income countries is predicted to be relatively stable;

A different trend when comparing waste volume; Average waste densities of 500 kg/m3, 300 kg/m3, and 150 kg/m3 were used to calculate the volume of waste generated for low, medium, and high income
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Continue

MSW Status By 2025:

Low income countries currently produce the highest quantity of waste on mass basis; high income countries generate the most waste on volumetric basis. Increase in volume result of paper, plastics, bulky wastes, and other multimaterial packaging in high income countries. Low and middle income countries have a larger percentage of high 34/34density organic matter and ash residues