LATITUDE & LONGITUDE

Northern Hemisphere

Meridian

Latitude

x
Equator Longitude
Southern Hemisphere

Latitude

Longitude (from Greenwich)

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CHART PROJECTIONS
Mercator Transverse Mercator
W

Latitude
S N

Longitude Longitude

Used for Large Scale charts

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MERCATOR PROJECTION

Distortion greater near the polar region

Light Source

Latitude Scale

Less distortion near the equator

Longitude

Longitude

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VARIATION
Magnetic North Magnetic North Pole
T M T M T

True North Pole

Easterly Variations

Westerly Variations

Magnetic South

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COMPASS ROSE

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MAGNETIC BEARINGS
True North Magnetic North

BEARING Magnetic Bearing 071

Variation True Bearing

8W 063

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MAGNETIC BEARINGS
BEARING Magnetic Bearing 071 Variation 8W True Bearing 063
True North

Magnetic North

RELATIVE BEARING

Boat's heading
True Bearing Relative Bearing

305 (T) 55 W of N 063 (T) 118 to Starboard

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DEVIATION
Similar in application to variation

Varies with boat's heading

Need a current Deviation Chart for each fixed compass on board Not used with handbearing compass (but need to check for gross errors) Need to swing compass annually and check deviation occasionally

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EFFECT OF COMPASS DEVIATION

N W S N N W S E E

W S
N W S E

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COMPASS DEVIATION TABLE

6 West 4 2 0 East 2 4
Ships Head Compass (C) Deviation Ships Head Magnetic (M) 356 020.5 045 069.5 094 117.5 141 162.5 184 204.5 225 245.5 266 287.5 309 332.5 356

6
000 022.5 4W 2W 0 2E 4E 5E 6E 5E 4E 2E 0 2W 4W 5W 6W 5W 4W

000
045 090 135 180 225 270 315 360

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045 067.5 090 112.5 135 157.5 180 202.5 225 247.5 270 292.5 315 337.5 360

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MNEMONICS
Error West - Compass Best Error East - Compass Least

Cadbury's Dairy Milk Very Tasty + Exciting (- W)

NB Order and sign of corrections are important

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APPLYING CORRECTIONS

True Bearing
apply Variation

Magnetic Bearing
apply Deviation

Compass Bearing

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DEVIATION CHECK
True Magnetic North North

Transit bears: True Variation Magnetic Compass DEVIATION

305 8W 313 308 5E

N E S

305(T)

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DEVIATION CONVERSIONS
Finding Course to Plot Finding Course to Steer

Compass Course Steered 240(C) Deviation (from table) 2 W Magnetic Course 238(M) Variation (from chart) 8 W True Course (to plot on chart) 230(T)

True Course (from chart) Variation (from chart) Magnetic Course Deviation (from table) Compass Course to Steer

060(T) 9W 069(M) 2E 067(C)

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PLOTTING SYMBOLS
DR (Dead reckoning)
1600 1945

EP (Estimated position) Fix (Observed position)

2006

OR 2117

OR

.
2253

Position line Transferred position line Range / Distance off 20 Depth contour line Water track Ground track Tidal stream

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POSITION FIXING
THE THREE POINT FIX

Perfect fix

Cocked hat

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POSITION AND POSITION LINES

Position: 114(T) from L/H 5M OR 5255'N 0540'W

Give Position FROM object

114(T) Take Fix TO object 294(T)

Position Line

5255'N

540'W

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POTENTIAL FIX INACCURACIES - 1

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POTENTIAL FIX INACCURACIES - 2

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FIX BY BEARING AND SOUNDING

20

Fix
20

1115 Log 1433

1115 Lighthouse bears 346(T) Depth 20 metres

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DEAD RECKONING (DR)

The DR is deduced from: 1. Course steered (taken from the Compass) 2. Distance run (from the distance Log)
DR 0900 31.3M

Fix 0800 25.1M

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ESTIMATED POSITION (EP)

DR Deduced from Log and Compass
Distance Run 6.2M

Fix 0800 25.1M

DR 0900 31.3M

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ESTIMATED POSITION (EP)

DR Deduced from Log and Compass
Distance Run 6.2M

Fix 0800 25.1M

DR 0900 31.3M Tidal Stream

.
Estimated Position (No leeway) 0900 31.3M

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ESTIMATED POSITION (EP)

DR Deduced from Log and Compass
Distance Run 6.2M

Fix 0800 25.1M

DR 0900 31.3M Tidal Stream

.
Ground Track 090 (T)
Speed over ground 7.2 kn

Estimated Position (No leeway) 0900 31.3M

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LEEWAY
Wind

Water Track 075(T) Course Plotted Leeway 5

Water Track = Heading + or - LEEWAY

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ESTIMATED POSITION WITH LEEWAY

Wind

Tidal Stream

090(T)

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TRANSITS

Nearing transit

On transit

Past transit

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COURSE TO STEER (CTS)

Tidal Stream 150(T) EP 0800 25.1M .

Wind

Ground Track

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COURSE TO STEER (CTS)

Tidal Stream 150(T) EP 0800 25.1M .
Tidal Stream

Wind

Ground Track

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COURSE TO STEER (CTS)

Tidal Stream 150(T) EP 0800 25.1M .
Tidal Stream

Wind

Ground Track

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COURSE TO STEER (CTS)

Tidal Stream 150(T)
EP 0800 25.1M .

Wind

Ground Track

Tidal Stream

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ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL (ETA)

Tidal Stream 150 (T)
0800 25.1M

Ground Track

Distance to Destination 4.4M Distance Capability in 1 Hour 5.1M

Duration of Passage = 4.4 x 60min = 52min 5.1

ETA = 0800 + 0052 = 0852

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LEADING LINES
Keep lights in line on 192(T) for transit

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LEADING LINES AND LIGHTS

As charted As seen

Leading Lights in line 215(T)

Spire and Cone in line 210(T)

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BEARINGS
Keep buoy on 228(T) until leading lights are in transit

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CARDINAL MARKS

Continuous Flashing

Safe Water
9 Flashes

DANGER

Safe Water
3 Flashes

2 Flashes

6 Short + 1 Long

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LATERAL AND OTHER BUOYAGE

KEEP TO PORT OR STARBOARD
Port Hand Any R except (2 + 1) Starboard Hand Any G except (2 + 1)

Safe Water Iso, Occ, L Fl 10s or Mo(A)

Direction of Buoyage

Special Marks Yellow, any rhythm except used for white lights

MARKS CAN BE BUOYS OR ON POSTS COLOUR DEFINES PURPOSE

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LATERAL AND OTHER BUOYAGE

KEEP TO PORT OR STARBOARD
Port Hand Any R except (2 + 1) MARKS CAN BE BUOYS OR ON POSTS COLOUR DEFINES PURPOSE Safe Water Iso, Occ, L Fl 10s or Mo(A) Direction of Buoyage Preferred Channel to Stbd Fl (2 + 1)R

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Starboard Hand Any G except (2 + 1)

Special Marks Yellow, rhythm not used for white lights

Preferred Channel to Port Fl (2 + 1)G

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PASSAGE PLANNING
Define objective Constraints on operation Crew, time available etc Assemble navigation equipment Charts, Pilots, Tide Tables and Tidal Stream Atlases Plan provisions (including emergency stock) Personal kit

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PASSAGE PLANNING
Constraints on departure - locks, sills? If so - departure time is set within these limits Plan FORWARD Constraints on arrival - locks, sills? If so - arrival time is set between these limits Plan BACKWARDS Passage constraints - races, strong tides? If so - transit time is set by the phenomenon If more than one constraint Plan waiting period when appropriate

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PASSAGE PLANNING
Calculate distance and expected passage time Calculate times between waypoints for high speed navigation Plan for departure/arrival by day/night Plan for optimum use of tide Plan waypoints Is fuel capacity adequate for passage? If not, plan refuelling stops

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PASSAGE PLANNING
Determine possible visual aids on the route By day - buoys, headlands etc. By night - lights, glow from towns etc.

Prepare pilotage notes for departure, entry and ports of refuge

Listen to forecasts over several days to determine possible wind directions and sea states

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PASSAGE PLAN
Salcombe to Dartmouth
Departure constraints? Bar especially at Spring Ebb & strong onshore winds Arrival constraints? None - but difficult in strong SE to SW winds Transit constraints? None, but avoid overfalls off Start Point and drying area on Skerries Bank Distance 19 miles, approx. 4 hours @ 5 kn. / 2 hours @ 10 kn.

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PASSAGE PLAN
Salcombe To Dartmouth
Departure Local HW 4 hrs - Take advantage of tidal streams Plan waypoints Salcombe Bar South of Prawle Point Overfalls off Start Point 2 Miles W of Skerries Point LH Dartmouth Entrance Visual aids Start Point LH, Skerries Point LH Port Hand Mark NW of Skerries Bank Churches and Masts on Shore

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PASSAGE PLAN
Salcombe to Dartmouth
Ports of Refuge Anchorage N of Start Point for SW Winds (Avoid overfalls and Skerries Bank) Anchorage in Holcombe Bay for NW to NE winds Crew considerations Clothing Experience Food/drinks en route MOB Drill Weather information Before start and under way

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PASSAGE PLAN
Plymouth to Guernsey
Departure constraints None - but beware of Naval activities and ferries Care in strong South and West winds Take departure from Eddystone Rock LH
Arrival constraints? Sill (Entry/exit up to 2 hours local HW) Transit constraints? Shipping Lanes (Not Separation Scheme) Through Race of Alderney, Swinge or via Casquets? Through Little or Big Russel Channels or West of Guernsey?

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PASSAGE PLAN
Plymouth to Guernsey
Distance 58 Miles Approx 12 hours @ 5 knots 3 hours @ 20 knots Departure Time departure to arrive at Race of Alderney at appropriate time Visual aids Mast on Rame Head EC 'A' Buoy, Eddystone Rocks LH Quenard Point LH, Cap de la Hague LH Platte Fougre LH, Bec du Nez LH

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PASSAGE PLAN
Plymouth to Guernsey
Plan waypoints
Plymouth West Breakwater East of Eddystone Rocks LH

Start and end of shipping lanes

Top of Race of Alderney West of Banc de la Schle

Lower Heads South Cardinal

Weather information
Before start and under way

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PILOTAGE
(Navigating Safely in Confined Waters) USE ALL SIGNPOSTS AVAILABLE
Buoys & lights Charted landmarks Transits, clearing bearings Soundings etc.

PRE-PLAN
Use large scale charts Pilot books Local knowledge As detailed as necessary for the task

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PILOTAGE
DETAIL NEEDED
Start of pilotage Distance and Course to Steer to next mark

Use 6 minute marks for high speed navigation

Repeat until destination reached

Use transits and clearing bearings to avoid hazards

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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

US Military system selective availability
discontinued in 2000

Based on 24 satellites 10,900 mile high orbits 24 hour coverage Satellite gives spherical position line 4 Satellites give 3 dimension fix

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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

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GPS - FIX ERROR

Position Spheres

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ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION AIDS

Position
Latitude & Longitude Bearing and distance

Sailplan / Routes Tracks between waypoints

Course and speed over ground

Satellites/transmitters

available
Transmitter selection

Bearing and distance to Datum & Altitude selection next Waypoint Variation correction Cross track error Position correction ETA
Waypoint entry

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Battery voltage
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WAYPOINTS AND SAILPLAN

Port of Refuge

Destination

Start

3
6

1
4 2

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WAYPOINTS AND SAILPLAN

Port of Refuge

7 3

Destination

Start

1 4 2

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WAYPOINTS AND SAILPLAN

Port of Refuge

7 3

Destination

Start

1 4 2

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