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- -P4
I V
Load
ELECTROMECHANICAL (1950)
Attracted armature or induction disc type elements to implement the protection functions. An electromagnetic force causes the mechanical operation of the relay.
Analogue Inputs
Additional I/O
Signal Processing
Communications
Analogue Inputs
Additional I/O
Signal Processing
Communications
V
10110111...
Disadvantages
Buffering
I
Buffering Re-sampling Re-sampling
Disadvantages
Multiple sampling rates Higher sampling frequencies Signal Pre-conditioning Higher hardware costs
Sampling element
Actual signal
12 bit ADC equivalent to 4096 numbers For dynamic range of 64 In In = count 32 Resolution - 30mA (In = 1A) For 16 bit, resolution - 2mA
Signal filtering
Anti aliasing
V
V1 Mag,
Vy Mag,
Alias of Fundamental
Power Supply
Analogue Inputs
Additional I/O
Signal Processing
Communications
Wetting currents Burden Isolation How many ? How fast ? Thermal dissipation
Safety
0,1
Signal Processing
Analogue Inputs
(Relays)
(Optos)
Interconnection Bus
Additional I/O
Signal Processing
Communications
Contact rating Isolation How many ? How fast ? Thermal dissipation Safety
Data
Accelerated Relay Circuit 20V 8V
Op time ~4ms
Data
Static Assisted Output Circuit 20V 8V
12V
Data
Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 215
12V
Analogue Inputs
Additional I/O
Signal Processing
Communications
Additional I/O
Current Loop I/O Temperature Measurement (RTDs) Time Synchronisation (IRIG-B) Protection Communications
Current Differential Inter-tripping
Analogue Inputs
Additional I/O
Signal Processing
Communications
User Interface
Analogue Inputs
Additional I/O
Signal Processing
Communications
Analogue Inputs
Additional I/O
Signal Processing
Communications
Combine protection outputs and plant status to control outputs (scheme logic)
Control user interface Implement remote communications protocols
Application Software
Process samples in real time before next sample is taken Run the protection algorithms often enough to meet the requirements for speed of operation Service communications tasks Ensure background tasks have sufficient priority (ie user interface)
2000 Year
Px40
Px20 K Series
1995
1990
MCGG L Series
1980
0.1
10
100
Software
Performance requirements
International IEC 60255, ANSI National BS, DIN etc CE marking (Europe)
LVD EMC
Mandatory requirements
UL (US, Canada)
Numerical Relays
Additional Features
Reliability, repeatability, .
Numerical Relays
Fault Location
Fault location
16%
3.8 16km
10miles
Numerical Relays
Numerical Relays
Optos
Relay contacts
Protection elements
& &
Gate Logic
1
Timers
52b
Opto
Numerical Relays
Off-line Analysis
Disturbance Records
8 Analogue channels
32 Digital channels Sample 12 times per cycle
Prefault
Numerical Relays
Communications
LAN or WAN
Switch
Ethernet Communications
Time Synchronisation
Status Monitoring Event Reporting (Un-buffered / Buffered) Control Services (CB Tripping/Closing) SNTP (Simple network Time Protocol) IEEE1588 (Precision Time Protocol)
Switch
Relay
Relay
Ring Topology
Current - Areva Self Healing Protocol New - HSR (High availability seamless ring)
Star Topology
Security
Implementation
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