CHS220804 MEKANIKAFLUIDA (S1 Reguler)

CHS220803E MEKANIKAFLUIDA (S1 Ekstensi)

Departemen Teknik Kimia FT-UI

Pengajar : Ir. SUKIRNO M.Eng/Ir. Diyan S M.Eng
Periode 2009-2010
Lectures : Senin 19:00-21:30 K-204
Selasa 10:00-12:30 K-106
Kamis 10:00-12:30 K-210

Sbl Mid Test Pak Sukirno
Stl Mid Test Pak Diyan S

Tutorials : Asisten
Assessment
Pak Kirno 50%
25% : MidTest (2 jam)
10% : Kuis selama kelas/tutorial
15% : Tugas
Nilai P.Kirno x 50% + Nilai P.Diyan x 50% Nilai =
Books
Noel de Nevers Fluid Mechanics for Chemical
Engineer, Second Ed.
Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering, Vol 1,
5e (1996) Butterworth-Heinemann
GARIS BESAR KULIAH
PENDAHULUAN
Mengenal aplikasi Mekanika Fluida, Fluida dan propertiesnya

FLUIDA STATIK
Pressure, Pascals Principle,Gravity and fluid pressure, Measurement of pressure, Archimedes Principle

FLUIDA MENGALIR (FLUID FLOW)
Persamaan dasar: Pers. Kontinuitas (Neraca massa) Pers. Bernoulli (Neraca Energi) dan aplikasiBernoulli pada flowmeter
(orificemeter, venturimeter), alat transfer fluida (pompa)

KEHILANGAN FRIKSI (FRICTION LOSS) DALAM PIPA
Faktor friksi, diagram Moody, Perhitungan friksi pada pipa sudden contraction/expansion fitting,

APLIKASI NERACA MOMENTUM UNTUK PERHITUNGAN GAYA PADA PIPA
Neraca momentum, perhitungan gaya pada belokan

ALIRAN GAS KECEPATAN TINGGI, SATU DIMENSI
Kecepatan suara, Aliran stedi fritionless, nozzle choking, aliran dengan friksi dan pemanasan,
nozzle-difusser
INTERAKSI FLUIDA DAN PADATAN
Lapisan batas dan Gaya seret (drag force), Friksi fluida dalam media berpori, Pers.
Blake-Kozeny, Ergun Darcy, Fluidisasi, Filtrasi,
Fluid Mechanics
Engineering applications
Oil /process fluid in pipelines
Pumps, filters, rivers, etc
Groundwater movement
Blood in capillaries

Definition
The study of liquids and gasses at rest
(statics) and in motion (dynamics)
Industrial application
Storage
Valves
Pipe system
Pump
Flow Measurement
Process/Resistance
DIAGRAM SISTIM ALIRAN FLUIDA
SUBDIVISI MEKANIKA FLUIDA
HYDRAULICS : the flow of water in rivers, pipes, canals, pump, turbines
HYDROLOGY : the flow of water in the ground
RESERVOIR MECHANICS : the flow of oil, gas and water in petroleum
reservoir

AERODYNAMICS : the flow of air around aeroplanes, rocket projectils
METEOROLOGY : the flow of the atmosfeer

PARTICLE DYNAMICS : the flow of fluid around particles (dust settling,
slurry, pneumatic transfort, fluidized be, air pollutant particles)
MULTIPLEPHASE FLOW oil well, carburetirs, fuel injector, combustion
chamber, sprays.
COMBINATION OF FLUID FLOW with chemical reaction in combustion
chamber, with mass transfer di distillation or drying
VISCOUS DOMINATED FLOW; lubrication, injection molding, wire
coating, volcanoes, continental drift
MENGENAL SIFAT FLUIDA
Fluid Properties
What is a Fluid?
a substance which deforms
continuously under the action of
shearing forces however small.

unable to retain any unsupported
shape; it takes up the shape of any
enclosing container.

... we assume it behaves as a continuum
Liquids: Close packed,
strong cohesive forces,
retains volume, has free
surface
Liquids and gasses Whats the difference?
Liquid
Free Surface
Gas
Expands
Gasses: Widely spaced,
weak cohesive forces,
free to expand
Almost incompressible
Relatively easy to compress
Common Fluids
Liquids:
water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol
Gasses:
air, helium, hydrogen, steam
Borderline:
jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint, pitch
Density
The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit
volume. It is denoted by the Greek symbol, .
=
V
m
3
kgm
-3

If the density is constant (most liquids), the flow is
incompressible.
If the density varies significantly (eg some gas
flows), the flow is compressible.
(Although gases are easy to compress, the flow may be treated as
incompressible if there are no large pressure fluctuations)

water
= 998 kgm
-3

air
=1.2kgm
-3
kg
m
Density
Mass per unit volume (e.g., @ 20
o
C, 1 atm)
Water
water
= 1000 kg/m
3
Mercury
Hg
= 13,500
kg/m
3

Air
air
= 1.22 kg/m
3

Densities of gasses increase with
pressure
Densities of liquids are nearly
constant (incompressible) for
constant temperature
Specific volume = 1/density
950
960
970
980
990
1000
0 50 100
Temperature (C)
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
k
g
/
m
3
)

Specific Weight
Weight per unit volume (e.g., @ 20
o
C, 1
atm)

water
= (998 kg/m
3
)(9.807 m
2
/s)
= 9790 N/m
3

[= 62.4 lbf/ft
3
]

air
= (1.205 kg/m
3
)(9.807 m
2
/s)
= 11.8 N/m
3

[= 0.0752 lbf/ft
3
]
] / [ ] / [
3 3
ft lbf or m N g =
Specific Gravity
Ratio of fluid density to density at STP
(e.g., @ 20
o
C, 1 atm)
3
/ 9790 m kg
SG
liquid
water
liquid
liquid

= =






Water SG
water
= 1
Mercury SG
Hg
= 13.6
Air SG
air
= 1
3
/ 205 . 1 m kg
SG
gas
air
gas
gas

= =
States of Matter
Fluid
Solid
Shear Stress t
a fluid, such as water or air, deforms
continuously when acted on by shearing
stresses of any magnitude.
- Munson, Young, Okiishi
Fluid Deformation between
Parallel Plates
Side view
Force F causes the top plate to have velocity U.
Distance between plates (b)
Area of plates (A)
F
b
U
Viscosity!
What other parameters
control how much force is
required to get a desired
velocity?
Shear Stress
change in velocity with repect to distance
A
F
= t
(

2
m
N
v
b
t =
v
b
dv
dy
t =
Av
F
b
=
F v
A b
=
(

s
1
Tangential force per
unit area
Rate of
deformation
rate of shear
F
b
v
b
v
v
b
F
Area A
Friction force
z
Absolute Viscosity
b
F
A
v
b
q =
Shear stess
(dyne/cm
2
)
Shear strain rate
(s
-1
)
Stoke
s
cm
/cm s - dyne
s/cm dyne
density
viscosity absolute
2
4 2
2
= =

=
=

q
q
Kinematic Viscosity
Dyne-s/cm
2
=Poise
N-s/m
2
=10
3
cP
Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
(

2
m
s N

| |
(

=
2
s
m kg
N
(

=
3
m
kg
s m
kg
v
ssds
Fluid classification by response to shear
stress
Fluid Viscosity
Examples of highly viscous fluids
______________________
Fundamental mechanisms
Gases - transfer of molecular momentum
Viscosity __________ as temperature increases.
Viscosity __________ as pressure increases.
Liquids - cohesion and momentum transfer
Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
Relatively independent of pressure
(incompressible)
molasses, tar, 20w-50 oil
increases
_______
increases
Role of Viscosity
Statics
Fluids at rest have no relative motion
between layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0
Therefore the shear stress is _____ and is
independent of the fluid viscosity
Flows
Fluid viscosity is very important when the
fluid is moving
zero
Perfect Gas Law
PV = nRT
R is the universal gas
constant
T is in Kelvin
Note deviation from the text!
Use absolute pressure for P and absolute
temperature for T
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
Relates the change in
volume to a change in
pressure
changes in density at
high pressure
pressure waves
_________
______ __________
V dV
dp
E
v
=
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
B
u
l
k

M
o
d
u
l
u
s

o
f

e
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y

(
G
P
a
)

sound
water hammer
Water

v
E
a = speed of sound
d
dp
E
v
=
Vapor Pressure
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 10 20 30 40
Temperature (C)
V
a
p
o
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
P
a
)

liquid
What is vapor pressure of water at 100C? 101 kPa
Connection forward to cavitation!
AptR
2
= 2tRo
Surface Tension
Pressure
increase in a
spherical droplet
R
p
o 2
= A
AptR
2
2tRo
Surface molecules
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070
0.075
0.080
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
S
u
r
f
a
c
e

t
e
n
s
i
o
n

(
N
/
m
)

Example: Surface Tension
Estimate the difference in pressure (in Pa)
between the inside and outside of a bubble of
air in 20C water. The air bubble is 0.3 mm in
diameter.
R
p
o 2
=
R = 0.15 x 10
-3
m
o = 0.073 N/m
( )
m 10 15 . 0
N/m 073 . 0 2
3

= p
970 Pa p =
What is the difference between pressure in
a water droplet and in an air bubble?
h p =
water m 1 . 0
/ 9806
974
3
= = =
m N
Pa p
h

Statics!
Bagaimana mengukur
viskositas ?
GLASS CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS
P = Pressure difference across capiller
R = Radius of capiller
L = Length od capiller
V = Volume fluida
u = Viscosity
LV
t
8
Pr
4
t
u =
ASTM D445
A CALIBRATED HOLE IN THE BOTTOM.
2
1
t
x V
D z g
o

A
A
=
128
4
t

) (
Ax
Az
x Q
D z g
o
A
A
=
128
4
t

) (
V
t k =
(Poiseuille Eq.)
t k = u
u =
cP = fluid density X cSt
ROTARY VISCOMETER


Example: Measure the viscosity of water
The inner cylinder is 10 cm in diameter and rotates at 10 rpm.
The fluid layer is 2 mm thick and 10 cm high. The power
required to turn the inner cylinder is 50x10
-6
watts. What is the
dynamic viscosity of the fluid?
Outer
cylinder
Thin layer of water
Inner
cylinder
Solution Scheme
Restate the goal
Identify the given parameters and represent
the parameters using symbols
Outline your solution including the equations
describing the physical constraints and any
simplifying assumptions
Solve for the unknown symbolically
Substitute numerical values with units and do
the arithmetic
Check your units!
Check the reasonableness of your answer
olution
Outline the solution
Restate the goal
Identify the given parameters and
represent the parameters using symbols
Outline your solution including the
equations describing the physical
constraints and any simplifying
assumptions

2 3 -
s/m N 1.16x10 =
Viscosity Measurement: Solution
h r
Pt
3 2
2te
=
2 3 -
3 2
6 -
s/m N 1.16x10
m) (0.1 m) (0.05 (1.047/s) 2
m) (0.002 W) 10 (50
= =
t

x
t
AU
F =
= U
= A
t
h r
F
2
2te
=
= P
t
h r
P
3 2
2te
=
Outer
cylinder
Thin layer of water
Inner
cylinder
r = 5 cm
t = 2 mm
h = 10 cm
P = 50 x 10
-6
W
10 rpm
er
2trh
Fer
APPROXIMATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMON
LIQUIDS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Dimensions & Units
Tujuan : mereview satuan untuk menghilangkan
kebingunan konversi satuan SI dan Engineering
Dimensions and Units
The dimensions have to be the
same for each term in an equation
Dimensions of mechanics are
length
time
mass
force
temperature
a F m =
L
T
M
MLT
-2
O

Dimensions and Units
Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Density ML
-3

Specific Weight ML
-2
T
-2

Dynamic viscosity ML
-1
T
-1

Kinematic viscosity v L
2
T
-1

Surface tension o MT
-2

Bulk mod of elasticity E ML
-1
T
-2
These are _______ properties!
fluid
How many independent properties? _____
4
Units
Unit: Particular dimension
kg, m, s,
o
K (Systeme International)
slug, ft, s,
o
R (British Gravitational)
lbm, ft, s,
o
R (something else)
Whats a SLUG?!

Unit of mass in the BG system
(~ 14.59 kg, ~32.17 lbm)
1 lbf will accelerate a slug 1ft/s
2

32.17 lb/14.59 kg = 2.2 lbm/kg

Secondary Units
Force
N = kg-m/s
2
(Newton)

lbf = slug-ft/s
2
(pound force)
= 32.2 lbm-ft/s
2

Work (Force through a distance)
J = N-m (Joule)
ft-lbf (foot pound)
Energy (Work per time)
W = J/s (Watt)
ft-lbf/s (foot pound per sec)
hp 550 ft-lb/s (horsepower)
| |
(

=
(

=
2 2
T
L
M
T
ML
ma F

g
c
YANG SERING MEMBINGUNGKAN,
W = mg
W = mg /g
c
.
Fisika Engineering
(g: gravitational acceleration).
Conversion of Units
Memahami fenomena/konsepnya dan mampu
mengaplikasikan PERSAMAAN DASAR fluida statik maupun
fluida mengalir, untuk mendapatkan solusi persoalan praktis,
yang sering dijumpai dalam enjinering terutama yang
berkaitan dengan operasi teknik kimia seperti transportasi
fluida, pengontakkan fluida-padatan, pemisahan fluida
padatan.


MEKANIKA FLUIDA
H. Newton F= m.a
H. Kekekalan Massa
H. Kekekalan Energi (H.Termodinamika 1)
H. Termodinamika 2
PERSAMAAN DASAR MEKANIKA FLUIDA
Tujuan Pengajaran