1.

Structure of the Lesson

Class

Intro

1. intro Overview of the lesson 2. Learning objective present learning objective of the lesson 3. Table of Content structure of the topics and subtopics in the lesson

Study 4. Lecture (75-90 minutes) present the lecture in detailed topics that covers all the learning objectives of the lesson. - each topics should be divided into subtopics (5-15 min in length is recommended) - if a subtopic goes over 15 minutes divide the subtopic into series of subtopics.

Assessment

Review

Class end

Course Lesson # Title SME

Circuit theory and Laboratory Lesson 13 Application Circuits Dr. Nguyen Vu Thang

Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture, the stud ents should be able to: Understand the basic steps of designing circuits Know how to write requirement Able to design circuit schematic, choose devices Able to draw circuit layout Able to make PCB circuits

Table of Content PCB Design Flow Software Introduction Battery charger circuit Thief detector Blinking LED DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier

Content
PCB Design Flow Software Introduction Battery charger circuit Thief detector Blinking LED DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier

PCB Design Flow

Description and Requirements

Testing

Ready to use

Schematic design

Device welding

Layout

PCB

PCB Design Flow

The description will describe:
What is the application How and where does it work, etc

Requirement point out:

Basic technology aspect of the application, such as, electronic parameters: power source, current, voltage. Etc.

The designer then will design circuit schematic.

Engineers chose components, circuit topologies, and then run simulation

PCB Design Flow

Engineers
Make the circuit layout based on the schematic Make or order printed circuit board Weld devices to circuit board Test the circuit

Content
PCB Design Flow Software Introduction Baterry chager circuit Thief detector Blinking LED DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier

Software Introduction
A lot of software that can help engineer:
Schematic design Simulation Layout design.

Software:
One function: for example, schematic design Multiple functions: for example schematic design and simulation Special software: simulate the specific functions

Software Introduction
Software Orcad Eagle Altium Proteus Multisim Circuitmaker Hspice Schematic design Layout design Simulation

In the table, a list of common circuit software with their functions are presented.

Content
PCB Design Flow Software Introduction Battery charger circuit Thief detector Blinking LED DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier

Battery charger circuit

Description: There are many devices worked on battery energy source. Make a simple battery charger for 12V battery for motorbike.

Battery charger circuit

Requirements: Use wall 220 VAC source Use to charge 12VDC battery Charge current: 1.2 A Maximum current: 2A

Battery charger circuit

Design:
The charger need power supply => chose electric power AC source. To charge 12V battery => charger needs a higher voltage output than the battery => choose 15V. To lower the electric AC voltage => use transformer. Want 15VDC => need 12VAC output from the transformer. After converting to DC, the voltage is unstable => use a large capacitor and/or a regulator to give stable voltage. To convert AC to DC voltage we use diode bridge. The charging current is commonly about 1A.

Battery charger circuit

Schematic:
D1 12 VAC D4 220 VAC 15,7 VDC D3 D2

Battery charger circuit

Operation: - First half cycle: D2, D4 On; D1, D3 Off - Second half cycle: D1, D3 On; D2, D4 Off - Output voltage ~= 12x 1.41-2X0.6 ~= 15.7 VDC (0.6 is voltage drop on diode). - Charging current ~ = (15.7-12)/3 ~= 1.2 A

Battery charger circuit

Components list: - Transformer 220VAC => 12VAC - 4x Diode 2A - Resistor 3 Ohm

Content
PCB Design Flow Software Introduction Battery charger circuit Thief detector Blinking LED DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier

Thief detector
Description: To detect unwanted objects/people entering your place through windows or doors.

Thief detector
Requirement: Simple and cheap Not visible by objects/people Detect objects in 1-2 meters

Thief detector
Design: Two modules:
The 1st module: transmit invisible light => use IR LED The 2nd module receive invisible light from 1st module. It gives alarm when the light is blocked => use LDR

=> 2 recommended design

Window/gate
1st 2nd

Thief detector
Transmitter design: The transmitter is composed of a DC source, an IR LED and a resistor. IR LED:
Forward voltage: 1.2V Forward current about 15 40 mA.

We use 5V source Resistor: (5V-1.2V)/(20mA)~= 220 Ohm Adjust resistor change operation range

Thief detector
Receiver design: Receiving the light from IR LED => LDR change its resistance. LDR resistance change => condition of the circuit will change => give out alarm Signal change is small => amplify the signal. => 2 options: use BJT (in schematic 1) or an opamp (in schematic 2)

Thief detector
Design 1:

LDR
Dark resistance: 100K - M Light resistance: few hundred . Resistance depends on how much light it receives.

VR1 value depends on:

Operation range of device Value of resistor for IR LED.

Thief detector
Receiver design:
VR1 LDR C1815 LED 5V 220 IR LED 5V

1K

Thief detector
Components List 1: C1815 NPN transistor LDR LED 1K, 220 Ohm resistor 1K Varistor. 5V supply

Thief detector
Operation: LDR receive light from a IR LED => resistance of LDR decrease => Ib increases => Ic increase => LED is on. IR light is corrupted by object => LDR has high resistance => Ib decrease => Ic decrease => LED off. Varistor use to adjust the Ib current also adjust the range of operation.

Thief detector
Schematic 2: As stated in schematic 1, in schematic 2, we can use the opamp to amplify signal

Thief detector
Schematic 2:
100k 5V R3 5V LM358 + R2 10k

LDR 5V R1 10k

R4 330 LED

Thief detector
Components List 2: LM358 R1 = 10k ; R2 = 10k; R3 = 100k; R4 = 330 Ohm LDR LED 5VDC supply

Thief detector
Operation 2: - Lm358 amplifier the difference voltage between 2 inputs. -LDR catch IR light => LDR resistance decrease => Vminus input < Vplus input => LED is on. -IR light is interrupted => LDR resistance increase => Vminus input > Vplus input => LED is off -R3: can be replaced by a varistor to adjust not only range but also sensitive of operation.

Content
PCB Design Flow Software Introduction Battery charger circuit Thief detector Blinking LED DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier

Blinking LED
Description There are so many application with blinking LED: advertisement, warning signal vv This example introduce a simple way to make a blinking LED circuit.

Blinking LED
Requirement LED can blink with the frequency adjustable. Range of frequency: smaller than 30 Hz then humans eye can see LEDs blinking. Duty circle from 0% to 100%.

Blinking LED
Design Use an opamp with 2 inputs:
One input have constant input voltage One input have voltage changes. We can use a structure of resistance and capacitor to make the voltage change.

=> structure as shown in the figure

Blinking LED
R1

Schematic
C1 V1 LM358 +

+V

Out -V

V2

R3

R2

Blinking LED
Component List - Resistor R1=R2=R3 = 1.2M - Non-pole capacitor C1 = 10uF (104) - Dual supply source +V, -V - LM358

Blinking LED
Operation R2, R3 voltage divider feed-back resistor. V2 act as reference voltage. R1, C1 delay maker. C1 charge and discharge create voltage in V1. Output is square wave. By changing R1,C1 => creating difference frequency. By changing R2, R3 => creating difference duty cycle

Blinking LED
Use the opamp LM358 Divider factor k = R3/(R2+R3) Period T = 2.R1.C1.ln[(1+k)/(1-k)] For T 25Hz, choose:
R1 = 1.2M (Standard resistor value) C2 = 10uF (Standard capacitor value for non-polar)

K = 1/2 then R3 = R2 = 1.2M T= 26.337 Hz

Content
PCB Design Flow Software Introduction Battery charger circuit Thief detector Blinking LED Audio Amplifier

Audio Amplifier
Description Create a simple audio amplifier to play music. Two schematic design of Audio Amplifier.

Audio Amplifier
Requirement Input: from micro around 24 mV Power source: 10-15V Speaker: use common one: 8-10 Ohm Power: 5-30W

Audio Amplifier
Design 1: Audio amplifier around 25W Input is signal of Micro => around 24mV with small current. Signal is small => need 2 amplify stages. Output power have to be from 5-30W => need a power stage to make the power out. Need a small speaker for the output. We can choose power BJTs as TIP41 and TIP42.

Audio Amplifier
Schematic 1

Audio Amplifier
Components list 1 - R1, R3: 27k Ohm - R2: 100k Ohm - R4: 15k Ohm - R5: 330 Ohm - R6: 22k Ohm - R7: 1k Ohm - R8: 470 Ohm - R9, R10 : 1 Ohm - PR1 : varistor 470 Ohm C1: 10uF C2: 470uF C3: 220uF C4: 330uF C5: 2200uF C6: 2200uF Diode: 1n4148 x2 Q1: BC109 Q2: N3906 Q3, Q4: TIP41, TIP42

Audio Amplifier
Operation 1 - C1: Signal pass-in - C6: power source decoupled capacitor - R5, C3: source Low-pass filter for stage 2 - R3, C2: source Low-pass filter for stage 1 - R1, R2: Q1 bias, mode A - R4: Q1 load. - Q1: input amplifier - Q2: pre-power amplifier - Q3, Q4: push-pull power amplifier - D1, D2: Q3, Q4 thermo stabilizer.

Audio Amplifier
Operation 1 Q1 form the first stage of amplifier. R1, R2, R4 bias Q1 work on A mode. After the first stage, the current still is small => need a extra amplifier stage. Q2 work on A mode to form pre-power amplifier. Q3 and Q4 form a pair of push pull amplifier to amplify the audio signal to the speaker. D1 & D2 form a thermo stabilizer for Q3 & Q4.

Audio Amplifier
Operation 1 Static mode Q1, Q2 operate in A mode Q3, Q4 operate in A or AB mode PR1 use to adjust B terminal of Q3, Q4 has the same voltage => C point = Vc5 = supply voltage = 7.5V

Audio Amplifier
Operation 1 positive half cycle input B terminal of Q1 raise => IcQ1 raise => UR4 raise => Uc Q1 down => Ub Q2 down => Ic Q2 down => UA & UB down UA down => Ic Q3 raise UB down => Ic Q4 down C point raise, charge C5

Audio Amplifier
Operation 1 negative half cycle input B terminal of Q1 down => IcQ1 down => UR4 down => Uc Q1 raise => Ub Q2 raise => Ic Q2 raise => UA & UB raise UA raise => Ic Q3 down UB raise => Ic Q4 raise C point down, discharge C5

Audio Amplifier
Input Signal 0 Q1 t

Q2

0 Output Signal 7.5V

Audio Amplifier
Schematic 2
Input C1 R1 + C2 15V R4 R5 15V C3 + R6 U2 C6 VR3 15V R15 R16 + R8 15V R9 R10 R7 15V R13 R14 R18 15V Output U4 R2 C5 VR2 + R12 U3 U1 C4 VR1 R11 15V

R3

Audio Amplifier
Schematic 2 The whole schematic 1 can be replaced by just 1 LM386 IC. Schematic 2 present a upgrade version of audio amplifier => can adjust bass and treble volume. U1 form a low-pass filter to extract bass component. U2 form a high-pass filter to extract treble component. U3 form a mixer. It mixes the bass & treble components. The bass & treble components ratio can be adjust by R3 and R4. U4 is LM386 form a power amplifier.

Audio Amplifier
Schematic 2 C1, C2, R1, R2, R3 ,R4 , R5 configure U1 as a low-pass filter. C3, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10 configure U2 as a highpass filter. C4, C5 are coupled capacitor. VR1, VR2, R11, R12, R13, R14 configure U3 as a mixer. VR3, R18, R15, R16 configure U4 as a invert amplifier.

Audio Amplifier
Components list 2 R4=R5=R9=R10=R13=R14=R15=R16 = 10k C1=C2=C4=C5=C6 =10uF R2=R6= 22k R3=R7= 1k R11=R18= 22k VR1 = VR2 = VR3 = 1k

Audio Amplifier
Draw the circuit using one of the circuit software. Run simulation to check the functions of the circuit.
Different conditions and inputs: source, input, conditions

Check the voltages, currents at different points. If the circuit do not work well, can based on the simulation to find out the effect and change the design.

Audio Amplifier
Layout Layout software support many footprints for common components. If your components footprint does not exist in layout software library, you have to create it. After choosing right footprints for your component you do the placement step. Try to arrange your component neatly and logically. After placement step, you do the routing step. Make sure, all the wires are routed. Create PCB making file and send to PCB service provider.

Audio Amplifier
Layout

Audio Amplifier
Welding Take all the components in your design from market. Prepare soldering iron, soldering wire, and others soldering tools Solder all the component on the PCB. Make sure all our components was soldered in right place and direction. Use your multi-meter to check all the solder points.

Audio Amplifier
Testing Provide 15VDC for the circuit. Use multi-meter to check the C-point. If it is 7.5VDC then provide the signal for Audio_in input. Use oscilloscope to check the output signal. If everything goes right lets play the music.

Assessment

Quiz 1

Design a sound detector

Assessment

Quiz 1

Design a sound detector R1 = 2.2K R2 = 470K R3 = 3.3K R4 = 220K R5 = 1.2K R6 = 270 C1 = C2 = 0.1uF BC574 Relay Mic

5V R1 2.2K R3 3.3K R4 R5 220K 1.2K R6 270 T2 T3

R2 470K C1 0.1uF

C2 0.1uF T1

BC574

RELAY

BC574

BC574

Assessment

Quiz 1

Design a sound detector

T1 act as first stage of amplifier T2 act as second stage of amplifier T3 act as a switch to drive relay MIC can detect sound from animals and human. Small signal from MIC is amplified by 2 transistors T1&T2. After 2 stages of amplifier, the signal is used to drive Relay through T3. Relay can use to control LEDs, Buzzers v..v

Assessment

Quiz 1

Design an IR detector

Assessment

Quiz 1

Design an IR detector

Q1: phototransistor BP109 Q2: BP238 npn transistor Q1 R1 = 390 Ohm D1: LED When Q1 received IR light, resistance of Q1 decreases. The current in the Base of Q2 increases then the current flows through Q2. LED D1 turn on.

9V

Q2 BP238 D1 LED 390 R1

Assessment

Quiz 3

Design a high current 12V regulator

Assessment

Quiz 3

Design a high current 12V regulator

R4 0.1 Ohm 5W R3 0.1 Ohm 5W R2 12 T1 B1 0.1 Ohm 5W R1 0.1 Ohm 5W C1 47000uF Q2 TIP2955 Q1 TIP2955 IC1 7812 V out C2 470uF C3 10u F Q3 TIP2955

230V AC

Assessment

Quiz 3

Design a high current 12V regulator

7812 has a stable output voltage of 12V. Seri of Q1,Q2,Q3 has high Ice are used to push the output current higher. List of component:
T1: 220VAC-24VAC transformer B1: Diode Bridge R1=R2=R3=R4= 0.1 Ohm 5W C1= 4700uF C2=470uF C3=10uF IC1 : 7812 Q1,Q2,Q3: TIP2955

Assessment

Quiz 4

Design a thermo protector

Assessment

Quiz 4

Design a thermo protector

Assessment

Quiz 4

Design a thermo protector

LM35 thermo sensor LM339 op-amp R1= 10k 5V VR1 = 10k BC574 LM35 Relay

5V R1
LM339

T1 BC574

NC COM NO RELAY

GND VR1 10 kOhm

10 kOhm

5V

Assessment

Quiz 4

Design a thermo protector

When the temperature changes, the output of LM35 changes. The signal of LM35 is compared to reference which can be adjusted by VR1 through LM339 The output of op-amp LM339 feeds to T1 which acts as a switch to control relay.

Assessment

Quiz 5

Design a ramp signal generator

Assessment

Quiz 5

Design a ramp signal generator

13V5 unstable 230V : 12V D2 1N4007 1N4007 D1 D5 C1 2200uF R3 1K BC547 R4 100 10V stab C2 1000uF Q2 C3 2uF BC547 Q3 10V D6 R6 10k 1N4148 R5 470 1N4148 10V D7

1N4007 1N4007 D3 D4 1N4007 R1 10K R2 1k

BC547 Q1

100Hz ramp signal

Assessment

Quiz 5

Design a ramp signal generator R1 10 kohm 0.25W R2 1 kohm 0.25W R3 1 kohm 0.25W R4 100 ohm 1W R5 470 ohm trimmer R6 10 kohm 0.25W C1 2200 uF 25V electrolytic C2 1000 uF 25V electrolytic C3 2.2 uF 25V D1-D5 1N4007 D6-D7 10V zener diode 1W D8-D9 1N4148 Q1-Q3 BC547 TRANS Transformer 230V primary and 12V 200 mA secondary

Assessment

Quiz 5

Design a ramp signal generator

D1-D4 act as diode bridge D5 protecting diode R2,R1 bias Q1 D6, Q1 ,R3 create current source. Q2,Q3 and C3 are main parts of oscillators. By charging and discharging C3 we have ramp signal at the output. R5 is used to adjusted the speed of charging and discharging C3.