Frederic H.

Martini

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & Physiology

SIXTH EDITION

Chapter 19, part 1

Blood

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by

Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning Objectives
List the components of the cardiovascular system and explain the major functions of this system. Describe the important components and major functions of the blood List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells. Describe the structure of hemoglobin and indicate its functions. Discuss red blood cell production and maturation.

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Learning Objectives
Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities. Categorize the various white blood cells on the basis of structure and function. Describe the structure, function and production of platelets. Describe the reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.

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SECTION 19-1 The Cardiovascular System: An Introduction

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The cardiovascular system

Provides a mechanism for rapid transport of nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases and cells

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SECTION 19-2 Functions and Composition of Blood

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Blood

Fluid connective tissue Functions include

Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids Restricting fluid loss at injury sites Defending the body against toxins and pathogens Regulating body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat

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The composition of blood

Plasma and formed elements comprise whole blood
Red blood cells (RBC) White blood cells (WBC) Platelets

Can fractionate whole blood for analytical or clinical purposes

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Figure 19.1 The Composition of Whole Blood

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Figure 19.1a

Figure 19.1 The Composition of Whole Blood

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Figure 19.1b

Figure 19.1 The Composition of Whole Blood

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Figure 19.1c

Hemopoiesis

Process of blood cell formation Hemocytoblasts are circulating stem cells that divide to form all types of blood cells Whole blood from anywhere in the body has roughly the same temperature, pH and viscosity

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SECTION 19-3 Plasma

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Plasma

Accounts for 46-63% of blood volume

92% of plasma is water Higher concentration of dissolved oxygen and dissolved proteins than interstitial fluid

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Plasma proteins

more than 90% are synthesized in the liver Albumins

60% of plasma proteins Responsible for viscosity and osmotic pressure of blood

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Additional Plasma Proteins

Globulins
~35% of plasma proteins Include immunoglobins which attack foreign proteins and pathogens Include transport globulins which bind ions, hormones and other compounds

Fibrinogen
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Converted to fibrin during clotting

SECTION 19-4 Red Blood Cells

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Abundance of RBCs
Erythrocytes account for slightly less than half the blood volume, and 99.9% of the formed elements Hematocrit measures the percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements
Commonly referred to as the volume of packed red cells

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Structure of RBCs

Biconcave disc, providing a large surface to volume ration Shape allows RBCs to stack, bend and flex RBCs lack organelles Typically degenerate in about 120 days.

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Figure 19.2 The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells

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Figure 19.2

Hemoglobin

Molecules of hemoglobin account for 95% of the proteins in RBCs Hemoglobin is a globular protein, formed from two pairs of polypeptide subunits
Each subunit contains a molecule of heme which reversibly binds an oxygen molecule
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Damaged or dead RBCs are recycled by phagocytes

Figure 19.3 The Structure of Hemoglobin

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Figure 19.3

Figure 19.4 Sickling in Red Blood Cells

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Figure 19.4

RBC life span and circulation

Replaced at a rate of approximately 3 million new blood cells entering the circulation per second. Replaced before they hemolyze Components of hemoglobin individually recycled
Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin

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Iron is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrin

Figure 19.5 Red Blood Cell Turnover

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Figure 19.5

RBC Production
Erythropoeisis = the formation of new red blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow Process speeds up with in the presence of EPO (Erythropoeisis stimulating hormone)
RBCs pass through reticulocyte and erythroblast stages

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Figure 19.6 Stages of RBC Maturation

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Figure 19.6