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Polymer Surface influences: Friction & Wear Adhesion to other substrates Surface Conductivity Which in turn is influenced by Surface Roughness Polarity of Chemical groups Boundary layers of foreign matter
Benzosulphonic & Sulphonamides derivatives of 4naptholtriazolyl stilbene Vinylene bisbenzoxazoles 4-alkyl-7-dialkyl amino coumarins
FLAME RETARDANTS
Combustion Mechanism Source of external energy Rise in Polymer Temperature Rate of increase depends on rate of supply,thermal,geometrical characteristics Thermal decomposition ( Pyrolysis) Formation of free radicals Oxygen attack Ignition & rate of flame propagation Ease & rate of formation of OH CO2 & H2O Exothermic reaction Auto catalytic Auto ignition Gas phase consists of gases, liquids, charred solids, smoke Solid particles leads to formation of less reactive OOH Combustible gases & oxygen ( LOI ) above ignition temperature cause ignition Combustion follows ignition Ease of combustion function of bond cohesive energy Combustion followed by flame propagation Flammability of polymers depend on 1)Chemical Structure 2)Intrinsic flammability of volatiles 3)Ratio of combustible matter in gas phase
FLAME RETARDANTS
FLAME RETARDANTS
Reactives: Special intermediates (Highly Halogenated or Phosphorous Compounds) incorporated into polymer structure during crosslinking Epoxy, Polyesters, Polyurethanes Free from leaching, migration, volatilization Expensive Additives: Flexible, Less expensive Fire Retardants function by one or more of four mechanisms 1)Chemically interfere with free radical oxidation process reducing rate of formation of highly reactive OH Halogen Compounds with Sb2O3 I>Br>Cl>F Aliphatic > Alicyclic . Aromatic R-X R + X + RH HX + R + OH H2O + X RCl + Sb2O3 SbOCl(s) (245-280) Sb4O5Cl2 (s)+ SbCl3(g) 410-475 Sb3O4Cl2(s) + SbCl3(g) 475 565 Sb2O3(s) + SbCl3(g) 658 Sb2O3(l) Halogen transports highly active Sb trap to gas phase
FLAME RETARDANTS
Phosphorous Compounds Synergy with Halogen compounds O O (RO)2P-OR + HX (RO)2P-OH +RX Halides function in gas phase Acidic derivatives of Phosphorous in the condensed phase Metal cations have an antagonistic effect stable metal phosphates Sb2O3 converted to non volatile SbPO4 Phosphoric Acid promotes char formation
FLAME RETARDANTS
2) Produce large volumes of incombustible gases diluting oxygen supply Lower rate of combustion Drop in temperature < Ignition temperature Water, Ammonia, Nitrogen, Sulfur dioxide, Hydrogen halides (NH4)2SO4 Al(OH)3 3)React, Decompose, Change state endothermically Absorb heat Drop in temperature , Ignition Selfextinction 4)Forming an impervious fire resistant coating cut of oxygen supply Intumescent Thermal Insulation Reduction of volatiles Zinc, Calcium Borate Hygroscopic High molecular weight Organoborates Poly alcohol + Blowing Agent + Dehydrating Agent
FLAME RETARDANTS
FLAME RETARDANTS
SMOKE SUPRESSANT
Not much success Promotes oxidation Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2,Zinc Borate, Zn3(PO4)2Mo &Sn compounds Function as catalysts Modify pyrolysis mechanism Benzene Smoke PVC cis,trans polyene crosslinked polymer all trans polyene char