Chapter I

Measures of Central Tendency

& Variability
Curriculum Objective:
The students will determine the measures of
central tendency and variability
Apply these tendencies to solving problems
Analyze these measure in the case
Descriptive Inferential
Statistics
What is Statistics?
Descriptive Statistics
Describe the characteristic of the data
such as ; mean, median, std dev, variansi etc

Inferential Statistics
Make an inferences about the population, characteristics
from information contained in a sample drawn from this
population
Such as : prediction, estimation, take the decision
Mean
Median
Mode
Measures of
Central Tendency
Variance
Standard Deviation
Range
Deviation
Mean Deviation
Sum of Squared
Deviation
Measure of
Variability
Frequency
Distribution tables
Frequency
Distribution Polygon
Histogram
Bar Graph
Graphic
Displays
Descriptive
Statistics
z-scores
Single Sample
t statistic
Independent
t statistic
Dependent
t statistic
Estimation
Pearson
Correlation
Phi-coefficient
Linear Regression
Correlation &
Regression
Test for
Goodness of Fit
Test for
Independence
Chi-Square
Inferential
Statistics
1. Population
Is the set of all measurements of interest the
investigator parameter

2. Sample
Is a subset of measurements selected from
the population of interest statistic
Data Scale

Qualitative Data
a. Nominal
Example: gender, date birth same level
b. Ordinal
Example : taste, grade score(difference level)
Quantitative Data
a. Interval
Data have a range
Example : Hot enough: 50 80 derajat C,
Hot 80 110 C,
Very Hot: 110 140 C
b. Ratio Data
Can be applied with mathematic operations
Example : height, weight
An Naas
Dispersion tendency
MISSING
AIM

Central tendency
QOLB
Dispersion tendency
MISSING
Dispersion tendency
MISSING

Statistic Ilustration
Imagine you were a statistician, confronted with
a set of numbers like 1,2,7,9,11
Consider a notion of location or central
tendency the best measure is a single
number that, in some sense, is as close as
possible to all the numbers.
What is the best measure of central tendency?

Measure of central tendency
Central tendency
A statistical measure that identifies a
single score as representative for an
entire distribution.
The goal of central tendency is to find
the single score that is most typical or
most representative of the entire group.
Measure of central tendency
1. Mean
Population mean vs. sample mean


Example
N=4: 3,7,4,6






N
X E
=
5
4
20
= =
E
=
n
X
x
n
X
x
E
=
Computing the Mean from a
Frequency Distribution
X f
30 2
29 3
28 5
27 3
26 2
1
1
K
i i
i
N
i
i
X f
X
f
=
-
=
=

Estimating the Mean from a

Grouped Frequency Distribution
Example
Interval f MdPt Sum
81-90 7 85.5 598.5
71-80 11 75.5 830.5
61-70 4 65.5 262.0
51-60 3 55.5 166.5
25 1857.5
2. Median
The score that divides a distribution exactly in
half.
Exactly 50 percent of the individuals in a
distribution have scores at or below the median.
The median is often used as a measure of
central tendency when the number of scores is
relatively small, when the data have been
obtained by rank-order measurement, or when
a mean score is not appropriate.
Therefore, it is not sensitive to outliers
Calculating the Median
Order the numbers from highest to lowest
If the number of numbers is odd, choose the
middle value
If the number of numbers is even, choose the
average of the two middle values.
odd: 3, 5, 8, 10, 11 median=8
even: 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 median=(4+5)/2=4.5


Note :
The mean is sensitive to outliers, while the median is not.
Sensitivity to Outliers
Ex: Incomes in Weissberg, Nova Scotia (population =5)

Person Income
(CAD)
Sam 5,467,220
Harvey 24,780
Fred 24,100
Jill 19,500
Adrienne 19,400
Mean 1,111,000
In the above example, the mean is $1,111,000, the median is 24,100.
Which measure is better?
Mean : Sensitivity to Outliers
Incomes in Weissberg, Nova Scotia (population =5)









In the above example, the mean is $1,111,000, the median
is 24,100. Which measure is better?


Person Income (CAD)
Sam 5,467,220
Harvey 24,780
Fred 24,100
Jill 19,500
Adrienne 19,400
Mean 1,111,000
5/29/2013
FREQUENCIES DISTRIBUTION :
It used to organized sistematically data
in many group without reduce the data
information
If there are a lot of data then its will be
divide on many of class but if the there are
little data then we neednt to devide it
5/29/2013
Steps to make freq. distr
Decide the amount of the class (K) that
will taken from N data

Decide the range

Decide Class Interval

K = 1 + 3,3 Log N
Range (R) = The biggest obs-the smallest obs
Ci = R / K
Example
K = 1 + 3,3 Log 80
=7.28~7

R=99-35=64

Ci=64/7=9.14 ~10








Finding Mean for grouped data

with
xk=midle value every classnilai tengah tiap kelas
fk =class frequencies
with
Tb : lb med interval class,
i: class interval
N : amount of the observation
Efseb : cum freq before med class
med
seb
2
1
med
f
f N i
T
b
|
.
|

\
|

+ =

Finding Med For grouped data
MODUS
Is value or phenomenon that the most often appear, if
the data is grouped than we have :