CHAPTER 28 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES

CO 28

Figure 28.1

FIGURE 28.1 Alternation of generations in flowering plants. The sporophyte bears flowers. The flower produces microspores within anthers and megaspores within ovules by meiosis. A megaspore becomes a female gametophyte, which produces an egg within an embryo sac, and a microspore becomes a male gametophyte (pollen grain), which produces sperm. Fertilization results in a seed-enclosed zygote and stored food.

Figure 28.2

Flowers

FIGURE 28.2 Anatomy of a flower. A complete flower has all flower parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and at least one carpel.

Pg 497

Figure 28.3

FIGURE 28.3 Monocot versus eudicot flowers.

Figure 28.3a

FIGURE 28.3 Monocot versus eudicot flowers. a. Monocots, such as daylilies, have flower parts usually in threes. In particular, note the three petals and three sepals.

Figure 28.3b

FIGURE 28.3 Monocot versus eudicot flowers. b. Azaleas are eudicots. They have flower parts in four or fives; note the five petals of this flower. P = petal,s = sepal.

Figure 28.4

FIGURE 28.4 Corn plants are monoecious.

Figure 28.4a

FIGURE 28.4 Corn plants are monoecious. A corn plant has clusters of staminate flowers (a) and carpellate flowers.

Figure 28.4b

FIGURE 28.4 Corn plants are monoecious. A corn plant has clusters of staminate flowers (b). Staminate flowers produce the pollen that is carried by wind to the carpellate flowers, where an ear of corn develops.

Life Cycle of Flowering Plants - Development of Male Gametophyte - Development of Female Gametophyte - Development of Sporophyte

Figure 28.5

FIGURE 28.5 Life cycle of flowering plants. Development of gametophytes; A pollen sac in the anther contains microsporocytes, which produce microspores by meiosis. A microspore develops into a pollen grain which germinates and has two sperm. An ovule in an ovary contains a megasporocyte, which produces a megaspore by meiosis.

A megaspore develops into an embryo sac containing seven cells, one of which is an egg. Development of sporophyte: A pollen grain contains two sperm by the time it germinates and forms a pollen tube. During double fertilization, one sperm fertilizes the egg form a diploid zygote, and the other fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) endosperm cell. a seed contains the developing embryo plus stored food.

Figure 28.5a

Figure 28.5b

 Development of Sporophyte

Figure 28.6

Figure 28.6a

FIGURE 28.6 Pollination. a. Cocksfoot grass, Dacylus glomerata, releasing pollen.

Figure 28.6b

FIGURE 28.6 Pollination. b Pollen grains of Canadian goldenrod, Solidago canadensis.

Figure 28.6c

FIGURE 28.6 Pollination. c. Pollen grains of pussy willow, Salix discolor. The shape and pattern of pollen grain walls are quite distinctive, and experts can use them to identify the genus, and aven sometimes the species, that produced a particular pollen grain. Pollen grains have strong walls resistant to chemical and mechanical damage; therefore, they frequently becomes

 Flowering plants are heterosporous. Microspores develop into sperm-bearing mature male gametophytes. A megaspore develops into an eggbearing mature female gametophyte. During double fertilization, one sperm nucleus unites with the egg nucleus, producing a zygote, and the other units with the polar nuclei, forming a 3n endosperm cell.

SEED DEVELOPMENT

Development of the Eudicot Embryo Globular Stage The Heart Stage and Torpedo Stage Embryo The Mature Embryo

Figure 28.7a

FIGURE 28.7 Development of a eudicot embryo

Figure 28.7aa

Figure 28.7ab

Figure 28.7b

Figure 28.7ba

Figure 28.7bb

Figure 28.7bc

Figure 28.7bd

Monocot Versus Eudicots The embryo plus its stored food is contained within a seed coat.

Figure 28.8

FIGURE 28.8 Monocot versus eudicot. a. In bean seed (eudicot), the endosperm has disappeared; the bean embryos cotyledons take over food storage functions. b. The corn kernel (monocot) has endosperm that is still present a maturity.

Figure 28.8a

Figure 28.8aa

Figure 28.8ab

Figure 28.8b

Figure 28.8ba

Figure 28.8bb

FRUIT TYPES AND SEED

DISPERSAL Simple Fruits Compound Fruits

Figure 28.9

Simple Fruits

Figure 28.10

Compound Fruits

Figure 28.10a

Figure 28.10b

Figure 28.10c

Figure 28.10d

 In flowering plants, the seed develop from the ovule, and the fruit develop from the ovary. Fruit aid dispersal of seeds.

Figure 28.11

Seed Germination Seed structure Germination and growth

Figure 28.11a

Figure 28.11b

Figure 28.11ba

Figure 28.11bb

Figure 28.12

Figure 28.12a

Figure 28.12b

FIGURE 28.12 Corn kernel structure and germination. a. Grain structure. b. Germination and development of the seedling.

Figure 28.12ba

Figure 28.12bb

Figure 28.12bc

 Germination is a complex event regulated by many factors. The embryo breaks out of the seed coat and becomes a seedling with leaves, stem, and roots.

 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Figure 28.13

1.ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS Tissue Culture of Plants FIGURE 28.13 Asexual reproduction in plants. Meristem tissue at nodes can generate new plants, as when the stolons of strawberry plants, Fragaria, give rise to new plants.

Figure 28.14

Tissue Culture of Plants FIGURE 28.14 Tissue culture. a. When plant cell walls are removed by digestive enzyme action, the result is naked cells, or protoplasts. b. Regeneration of cell walls and the beginning of cell division. c. cell division produces aggregates of cells. d. An undifferentiated mass, called a callus. e. Somatic cell embryos such as this one appear. f. The embryos develop into plantlets that can be transferred to soil for growth into adult plants.

Figure 28.14a

Figure 28.14b

Figure 28.14c

Figure 28.14d

Figure 28.14e

Figure 28.14f

 Plant tissue culture is now well established. The starting material can be meristem tissue from almost any part of a plant, or it can be adult cells, because plant cells are totipotent if provided with the correct hormonal/ nutrient solution.

Genetic Engineering of Plants -Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering -Agricultural Plants with Improved Traits

Figure 28.15

FIGURE 28.15 maize

Figure 28.15a

Figure 28.15b

Figure 28.16

FIGURE 28.16 Genetically engineered plants. a. Genetically engineered herbicide-resistant soybean plants. b. Potato plant that has not been genetically engineered to be resistant to pests. c. Potato plant that is pest resistant.

Figure 28.16a

Figure 28.16b

Figure 28.16c

 Genetic engineering of plants is now a reality. The next generation of transgenic crops is expected to have improved agricultural traits and food qualities And to result in higher yeilds

THE END

Figure 28.17

Figure 28.17a

Figure 28.17b

Figure 28B

Figure 28Ba

Figure 28Bb

Figure 28Bc

Pg 515

UNLABELED COLOR ART

Figure 28.1

Figure 28.2

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Figure 28.5

Figure 28.7a

Figure 28.7aa

Figure 28.7ab

Figure 28.7b

Figure 28.7ba

Figure 28.7bb

Figure 28.7bc

Figure 28.7bd

Figure 28.8

Figure 28.8a

Figure 28.8aa

Figure 28.8b

Figure 28.8ba

Figure 28.9

Figure 28.11

Figure 28.11a

Figure 28.11b

Figure 28.11ba

Figure 28.12

Figure 28.12a

Figure 28.12b

Figure 28.12ba

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TABLES

Table 28.1

Table 28.2

Figure 25.19

Figure 25.19a

Figure 25.19aa

Figure 25.19ab

Figure 25.19b

Figure 25.19ba

Figure 25.19bb

Figure 25.19c

Figure 25.19ca

Figure 25.19cb

Figure 25.19d

Figure 25.19da

Figure 28Aa

Figure 28Ab

Figure 28Ac

Figure 28Ad