BY-DHEERENDRA SINGH RAJPUT Dept.

of industrial design NIT ROURKELA

 TOOL-: A tool is any physical item that can be used to

achieve a goal . (HAND+TOOL ) ,hand tool is any tool that is, one powered by hand (manual labour) or by an engine. EX. hammers, spanners, pliers, drilling machine.

 They were not ergonomically design.

No biomechanical background , physiological and

anthropometry background. Only for fulfilling the task , no matter how it will operate .

 People get injured at workplace. I.

Due to repeated use of hand tool person suffer from CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROM. ex. Cutting by hand saw.

Vibration-induced injuries-: due to vibration of hand tool Mostly in torque sending tool. Ex. Concrete vibrator , drill machine etc.

 Designing of hand tool taking care of person which

will use them . The dimensions of tool will be give properly so it should help to reduce the biomechanical stresses of the workers' hands, arms, and shoulders. 1. Biomechanical principle:i. Joint must be in neutral position when person operating the tool. ii. Body of person should not bend in large angle.

twist in trunk . 2. sudden movement of tool produce peak stress(smoothness on tool surface).
1.

2 . PHYSIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND: Energy demand from muscular during movement. i. Limit of energy expenditure in performing task .

3). Anthropometric background:concerned with size & proportion of the human body.

Weight of the hand tool: A worker should be able to operate a tool with one hand. Therefore the weight of the tool, especially for repetitive use, should not exceed 1 kg. also centre of gravity to be aligned with centre of Griping hand
1)

2. HANDLE:- With the exception of tools for precision work (e.g., watchmaking, microsurgery), the handles and grips of hand tools should be designed for a power grip. The smaller tools should have smaller handles while larger tools have larger ones .

3 ). Handle shape:- Tools with "bent" or angled handles or tools with pistol-grips are beneficial where the force is exerted in a straight line in the same direction as the straightened forearm and wrist, especially when the force must be applied horizontally.

 Diameter:Handles should be cylindrical or oval in cross section, with a diameter of between 30 mm and 45 mm. For precision work the recommended diameter for handles is between 5 mm and 12 mm. For a greater torque large screwdrivers should have a handle diameter up to 50-60 mm

4). Length:A handle that is too short can cause unnecessary compression in the middle of the palm. It should extend across the entire breadth of the palm. Tool handles longer than 100 mm will reduce the negative effects of any compression exerted. Rounded handles will minimize palm compression on the palm . use of gloves requires longer tool handles.

5). Separation between handles:Crushing, gripping or cutting tools such as pliers are equipped with two handles. The recommended distance separating handle is between 50 mm and 65 mm. Such a range will fit both male and female users. Tools with larger or smaller spans will reduce one's maximum grip strength .

6) Materials and texture of handles:The sufficient friction must exist between the hand and the handle. This is particularly important where a considerable force must be applied with a sweaty hand. Hand tools should be made of non-slip, nonconductive and compressible materials. For example, textured rubber handles provide a good grip, reduce the effort needed to use the tool effectively, and prevent the tool from slipping out of the hand.

7) Vibration: The best way to minimize vibration in power tools is to design the tool using materials, like rubber, that help deaden vibrations.

a) Fit for user.

b) Fit the task.

c)

Not create injuries.

a) Fitting the task:-

grip :-holding of tool when doing work. i. Power grip:- handle make 1st with fore fingers on one side & thumb reaching around. differentiated by direction of force a. Force ||rl to the forearm . Ex. saw b. Force at angle to the forearm. Ex. hammer. c. Torque about forearm. Ex.- screwdriver.

a) Precision grip:-Being able to touch the index

fingertip with the tip of the thumb. 1. internal Precision grip:- where tool inside the hand. Ex. - table knife

2. external Precision grip:- tool is pinched by thumb against the index finger & middle finger. Ex. pen

 CONCERNED WITH size of hand ,solder ,height , and

diameter of handle according to palm griping length. Design should be created for both person left handedness or right handedness. NOT CREAT INJURIES:A. injuries due to cumulative tram disorder (CTD). B. vibration induced injury:Segmental vibration :- when frequency rang 50-100 hz . It is overcome by using vibration attenuating handle.

 Initial cost of hand tool is very high.

4 3.5 3 2.5 2

Y-Values

cost

1.5
1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 Y-Values

Time(yr)

 Hand tool have all feature for finishing particular

work , Like electric plier have bend shape handle .