Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Technnology Training Session 4 THERMAL STORAGE AND HYBRIDIZATION

By Manuel A. Silva Prez silva@esi.us.es

April 27, 2010
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THERMAL STORAGE AND HYBRIDIZATION

Manuel A. Silva Prez Group of Thermodynamics and Renewable Energy ETSI University of Seville

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CSP MARKETS

Utility (centralized)

Capacity > 10 MW Types of utility generators:

Base load (nuclear, coal) Dispatchable (gas, CSP) Intermittent (wind, PV)

Dispatchability: The ability to dispatch power. Dispatchable generation refers to sources of electricity that can be dispatched at the request of power grid operators; that is, it can be turned on or off upon demand
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CSP MARKETS

Distributed generation

Capacity: 3 kW to 10 MW Close to consumer Reduces transmission losses Reduces investment in transmission infrastructure

Stand-alone applications Modularity, avaliablity, reliability

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THERMAL STORAGE AND HYBRIZATION

CSP unique features within the RE technologies:

Thermal energy storage. Thermal energy produced by the solar field can be stored, thus decoupling power generation from solar resource. Hybridization. Ability to hybridize with an alternative energy source fossil or renewable fuel.

Thermal energy storage and/or hybridization provide the basis for CSP to be:
Dispatchable Stable Reliable

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WHY ENERGY STORAGE?

Increase operational stability Reduce intermittence. Increase plant utilization and capacity factor Provides peak-shaving ability (time-shifted operation) Reduce generation cost (as long as storage is cheaper than increasing rated power!)

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PROFILE OF THE ELECTRICITY DEMAND

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SOLAR-ONLY ELECTRICITY GENERATION

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SOLAR + THERMAL STORAGE

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THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

A fraction of the thermal energy produced at the solar field is stored, increasing the internal energy of the storage medium.
Sensible heat Latent heat (Thermochemical)

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TYPES OF THERMAL STORAGE

By utilization

Short term

Provide operational stability

Medium term
Increase capacity factor Shift electrical generation hours

By type
Direct (same substance as working fluid, does not require HX) Indirect (different substance, requires HX)

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TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TES

MATERIALS High energy density (per-unit mass or per-unit volume) Good heat conductivity Good heat transfer between heat transfer fluid (HTF) and the storage medium Mechanical and chemical stability Chemical compatibility between HTF, heat exchanger and/or storage medium Reversibility for a large number of charging/discharging cycles Low thermal losses Easy to control

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THERMAL STORAGE OPTIONS

Source: Survey of thermal storage for parabolic trough power plants, Pilkington Solar Int. (2000)

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THERMAL STORAGE PAST EXPERIENCES

Source: Survey of thermal storage for parabolic trough power plants, Pilkington Solar Int. (2000)

TES STP COMMERCIAL INSTALLATIONS

Short term: pressurized water

PS10 and PS20

Mid term: Molten salt, 2 tank

Direct (CRS) Gema Solar (Solar Tres) Indirect (PT) Andasol I

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SHORT TERM TES

Pressurized water Sliding pressure during discharge Pressure vessel

PS10 / PS20

PS10 TES main characteristics Max. pressure: 40 bar Thermal capacity: 20 MWh (50 min at 50% load) Total Volume: 600 m3 4 tanks, sequentially operated

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MOLTEN SALT STORAGE, 2 TANK, DIRECT

Thermal capacity proportional to T Hot cold tank design Commercial (salt widely used in process industry)

Solar Two (Barstow, CA)

High operation T limited (salt decomposition) Need for heat tracing (risk of freezing) Costly equipment (pumps, valves

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MOLTEN SALT STORAGE, 2 TANK, INDIRECT

Provides high storage capacity to PT power plants (Thermal oil)
Andasol (Granada, Spain)

Intermediate oil-to-salt HX Freezing Temp = 220 oC High temp. limited by HTF Large volumes Higher investment costs

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ANDASOL STORAGE -TECHNICAL

CHARACTERISTICS

Type: Fluid: Melting Point: Storage Capacity:

operation) Storage Tank Size: Salt Mass: Flow Rate: Cold Tank Temperature: Hot Tank Temperature:

2-Tank Molten Salt Storage Nitrate salt mixture (60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3) 223C 1,010 MWh (~7.5 hrs full load 14 m height 37 m diameter 27,500 tons 953 kg/s 292 C 386C

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ANDASOL, MOLTEN SALT 2-TANK TES

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TES ADVANCED EXPERIENCES

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TES ADVANCED EXPERIENCES

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TES COSTS AND BENEFITS

Improves plant controlability and operability, expanding de range of possible operating strategies Facilitates Dispatchability If adequately designed, can improve
The efficiency of the plant The profitability of the project

Extends lifetime of equipment (reduces the number of strat-stop cycles) Increases investment
Oversized solar field Tanks, HX, molten salt management equipment, heat tracing, safety

Increases O&M costs

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HYBRID SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS

Two energy sources:

Solar energy Fossil or renewable fuel Hybridisation of STP plant Eases plant operation during transients Eases turbine startup Reduces number of turbine stops Increases full-load operation time Can be used to maintain temperature of HTF or storage medium

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HYBRIDIZATION OPTIONS

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SEGS 30 MW

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ANDASOL-TYPE PLANTS (THERMAL STORAGE AND AUXILIARY BOILER)

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ISCCS

3 projects in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Egypt)

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HYBRIDIZATION COSTS AND BENEFITS

Improves controlability and operability Faciltates dispatchability Improves plant overall efficiency Improves capacity factor Improves profitability of the plant Extends equipment lifetime Increases investment and O&M costs CO2 emmissions

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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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